Insects Have Sensors (force-sensitive Organs) Concentrated In Areas Ne

Insects have sensors (force-sensitive organs) concentrated in areas near joints, tips of the legs, and near exoskeletal sites attached to muscle tendons. These sensors act as strain gauges to detect compression of the exoskeleton. Using this information, insects recognize environments, regulate walking movements, and astonishingly "remember" stepping patterns and location. Through memory experiments, scientists see that a spider memorizes its own previous walking movements to backtrack to a fly. After presenting the fly to the spider on a petri dish, scientists chased the spider some distance away from the capture site. The spider then returns to the original spot, even though the fly has been placed elsewhere. If guided along a curved detour path, the spider cuts corners, indicating that it remembered the fly's position. Limitations in this memory experiment include odor and magnetic sense to backtrack to the capture site. To test the latter hypothesis we can place magnets inside the petri dish and run the experiment during cloudy weather to disorient the spider's navigational magnetic sense. Parkinson's is a neurodegenerative disease that causes involuntary movement, muscle rigidity, slowing of movement, and loss of spontaneous motion. As excessive amounts of dopamine-producing neurons of the brain die, the resulting decline in dopamine signaling disrupts smooth functioning of the overall motor network. Damage to the substantia nigra accounts for most symptoms. L-dopa, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, was developed to compensate for the decline of dopamine. It is then converted to dopamine by dopamine-making neurons that survive in the substantia nigra and nonneuronal cells in the striatum. Patients experience a desensitization phenomenon, gradually losing sensitivity to L-dopa, which works for shorter and shorter increments. This may be attributed to dopamine's ability to promote free radical synthesis, which may help explain why dopamine-making neurons are particularly susceptible to dying from oxidation. L-dopa increases dopamine levels, eases symptoms, and may ironically damage nigral neurons. With more L-dopa usage, more nigral neurons die, leading to gradual ineffectiveness of the compound. Total desensitization occurs when nigral neuron levels are extremely low. L-dopa's wearing-off effect is similar to that of protease-inhibitor drugs used to help treat HIV. After many years, the drugs lose effect; HIV persists and leads to full-blown AIDS.