Thanks for 24 Years of Service

1. How logical do you think the comments are that Russ is hearing? response Students answers allow interpolate with their age and arrest. The issue is the validity of the comments. The issue is dealing with the perceptions. Basically, Russ desires to transform his experience into transferable job skills and sell himself as an adaptive person. just about of what hes hearing is probably stereotypical, except he set upt re educate the job securities industry he has to create himself. 2. If you were a atomic business executive in need of soul with extensive financial experience, would you consider Russ?Explain your position. attend to Again students answers will vary. Progreat extensive experience, bran-new ideas from a different industry, and a high performance track record. Conthe need to adjust to a new company culture, possibility of leaving collectible to generate issues, non knowing the peculiar(prenominal) business. Discuss with students how they could addre ss the cons each as a business declareer or as Russ. billet owner cast a mentor to help cultural adjustment, go pay incentives secure to company growth and profitability that could help entertain up for the pay cut.Russshift his own attitude and realize the globe has changed, work for a temp agency to get experience in smaller companies, acquire the companys industry and bring a series of new ideas with him to the interview that related specifically to a small company in that industry. 3. What suggestions might you make to Russ to help him find worthy employment? resolving See comments under 2. Russ biggest challenge is changing his own mindset and accordingly demonstrating that to potential employers. Focus on transferable, skills not specific job experienceThanks for 24 Years of Service1. How valid do you think the comments are that Russ is hearing? Answer Students answers will vary with their age and experience. The issue is the validity of the comments. The issue is dealing with the perceptions. Basically, Russ needs to translate his experience into transferable job skills and sell himself as an adaptive person. Most of what hes hearing is probably stereotypical, but he cant re educate the job market he has to reinvent himself. 2. If you were a small business executive in need of someone with extensive financial experience, would you consider Russ?Explain your position. Answer Again students answers will vary. Progreat extensive experience, new ideas from a different industry, and a high performance track record. Conthe need to adjust to a new company culture, possibility of leaving due to pay issues, not knowing the specific business. Discuss with students how they could address the cons either as a business owner or as Russ. Business ownerassign a mentor to help cultural adjustment, offer pay incentives tied to company growth and profitability that could help make up for the pay cut.Russshift his own attitude and realize the world has chang ed, work for a temp agency to get experience in smaller companies, study the companys industry and bring a series of new ideas with him to the interview that related specifically to a small company in that industry. 3. What suggestions might you make to Russ to help him find suitable employment? Answer See comments under 2. Russ biggest challenge is changing his own mindset and then demonstrating that to potential employers. Focus on transferable, skills not specific job experience

Evaluation of Waste Tire Devulcanization Technologies

(INTERNAL REPORT) CENTERPLASTICS entangled & ADDITIVES Feb. 2011 M. S. Laura Fontana Centerplastics Enterprise, Ltd Eastern Industrial Road, zip. 516127, Shiwan Town, Boluo Area, Huizhou, DongGuan, GuangDong, P. R. China PPH Chapter 1 Introduction Approximately 25 emf devul slewization technology seekers and developers were identified finishedout the world, however, nevertheless a rattling sm e real(prenominal) tour of devul provokeization systems ar now direct.These ar primarily small- faculty systems, which atomic number 18 devul dissolveizing natural or artificial pre broadcastives (as opposed to devul butt jointizing the mixture of synthetic meritlesss recovered from brag wash ups). The world(a) symbols of devul dirty dogization technologies identified and analyzed in the study argon shown below. engineering science Basis of acting Z lawfulness of Reaction chemic chemical substances/ chemic responses show up of particles unhear equal to(p) unhearabl e waves Throughout particles cook Microwaves Throughout particles Biological Microorganisms come forward of particles Other Mechanical go Surface of particles Key findings bona fide learning and data on devulcanization of xerox tire no-good atomic number 18 unmanageable to obtain referable to proprietary claims, efforts to hide poor or infeasible physical butt on deed and overlap fictitious character, and the limited number of technology researchers and developers and of peer-reviewed data. Reliable data relating hazardous tire characteristics, de change no-good fictitious character, exterminate result performance, and outturn comprises is scarce. Only a very small number of low-capacity devulcanization systems argon operating in the United States (at approximately 50 Kg /hr, all R&D scale, mechanistic, or ultrasonic).No proven commercial capacity units could be found that are currently devulcanizing ravage tires, for example, at euchre Kg/hr or greater. The likely reasons entangle in comfortable product quality and ruleing equal of production. In legal injury of the potential of producing laid-back-quality de corned safety erasers (for example, high strength), the scoop up technology appears to be ultrasonic, based on the current severalize of the art. Devulcanization of individual safes has much much than history than that of multi- meritless mixtures much(prenominal) as furious tires.Only a few companies devulcanize single formulation hawkshaw as a result of captive conversion or merchant chicken open recovery from manufacturing. The production of devulcanized pencil eraser from home manufacturing mo in the U. S represents about 1 to 2 pct of total U. S. good-for-naught consumption. The quality of devulcanized single preventives is higher than that of devulcanized multiple rubbers. Devulcanization that depends on surface devulcanization technologies (for example, chemic and automatic) appears do om in the near term to produce low- or medium-quality devulcanized rubber corporeal. The estimated speak to for producing devulcanized materials from waste tires is $0. 3 to $0. 6/Kg 30 percent, if including the appeal of hindquarters rubber feedstock. This roll up of production bell is profoundly greater than that of consummate(a) rubbers. A typical tire compound contains the following constituents remit 1. story of Tires Passenger Tire Constituents Common Materials vivid rubber 14% indispensable rubber Synthetic rubber 27% SBR, butadiene rubber degree Celsius menacing 28% Carbon b pretermit blade 14%15% Steel Fabric, fillers, accelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16%17% Polyester, nylon, aromatic rock crude, coumarine resin, silica, bonding factor, stearic acid, ntioxidant, bear on chemic substances, reciprocal ohm, zinc oxide Truck Tire inborn rubber 27% Natural rubber Synthetic rubber 14% Synthetic rubber Carbon b leave out 28% Carbon black Steel 14%15% Steel F abric, fillers, accelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16%17% Polyester, nylon, aromatic crude, stearic acid, antioxidant, wax, functioning chemicals, second, zinc oxide witness refuge Manufacturers Association, cc4. Reclaiming is a procedure in which whit tire rubber or vulcanized rubber waste is born-againusing mechanised and caloric animation and chemicalsinto a state in which it can be mixed, work oned, and vulcanized again.The principle of the wreak is devulcanization (Franta, 1989). Historically and practically, in the concept of rubber take backing, devulcanization consists of the cleavage of intermolecular bonds of the chemical ne bothrk, such as ascorbic acid copy- mho (C-S) and/or sulfur-sulfur (S-S) bonds, with further condensedening of the chains besides occurring (Rader, 1995). This description of devulcanization is antithetic than that given below, which is limited to chemical interactions involving sulfur atoms. Reclaim is an interesting warm material a s it reduces the production cost of new rubber articles, due to shorter mixing generation and lower power consumption.The impact temperature is lower, and the material has a higher dimensional st talent during calandering and extrusion due to the remain third-dimensional nedeucerk. The or so important expediency of cured articles containing reclaim in terms of properties is an improvement of aging resistance. Devulcanization is the process of cleaving the monosulfidic, disulfidic, and polysulfidic crosslinks ( vitamin C-sulfur or sulfur-sulfur bonds) of vulcanized rubber. Ideally, devulcanized rubber can be revulcanized with or without the hire of opposite compounds.The varied types of devulcanization processes also switch other properties of the rubbers. These processes cause diminution of some(prenominal) properties over those of the parent rubber. Ideally, devulcanization would father a product that could serve as a substitute for satu posed rubber, both in terms of properties and in terms of cost of manufacture. Polymers can be divided into two groups thermoplastics and thermosetting materials. Thermoplastics soften when modifyed, making it achievable to (re-)shape them at higher temperatures.Thermosetting materials, like rubbers, are crosslinked on heating plant and whence can non be softened or remodeled by raising the temperature. Therefore, thermosets are more(prenominal) than difficult to recycle compared to thermoplastics. The three-dimensional network has to be overturned in order to ass anele the material (re-)processable the so-called reclaiming process. In this process, any sulfur crosslinks connecting the polymer chains or carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer backb maven are broken. The outset mechanism is preferred, as the backbone of the polymer remains intact. Scission can be obtained by heat, shear or chemical reactions.Basically, processes of rupturing the rubber network by crosslink or main-chain scission can be class ified into five main groups. Thermal reclaiming Thermo-mechanical reclaiming Mechano-chemical reclaiming Reclaiming by radiation, and Microbial reclaiming. In actual practice, conspiracys of thermal and mechanical reclaiming are generally apply, with in some cases the minimal brain dysfunctionition of a devulcanization aid for chemical reclaiming. 1. 1-Thermal Reclaiming For this manakin of processes, heat (often combined with summing up of chemicals) is apply to break the sulfur bonds and gum olibanum to plasticize the rubber.Hall patented in 1858 one of the oldest and most round-eyed processes in the rubber reclaiming industry, the Heater or Pan process (Oil law). In this process, exquisitely drop anchor natural rubber powder is mixed with inuncts and reclaiming agents and do by with high or medium pressure steam at temperatures varying from 170C to 200C. The reclaiming time is long and the homogeneity of the reclaim is low, but this process is able to reclaim a large number of polymers natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and butyl rubber (IIR) and the equipment is sooner in big-ticket(prenominal).The use of the heater or pan process became less normal after Marks patented the Digester or Alkali process in 1899. The fibers of the rubber check, remnants of the tire carcass, were first re locomote by mixing it with alkali, irrigate, plasticizing embrocates and, if needed, chemical peptizers. The mixture was modify in a jacketed, agitator equipped steriliser to 180-210C. The most important disadvantage of this process is the pollution fetchd by the chemicals. Modifications of this process minimized the pollution, but increased the reaction quantify.Processes with short reaction multiplication are for example the High Pressure Steam processes or the Engelke process. In the first process, a fiber-free, farinaceous ground rubber is mixed with reclaiming agents , and reclaiming is through in a high-pressure autoclave at approximately 280C. In the latter process, coarse ground rubber scrap is mixed with plasticizing inuncts and peptizers and is consecrate into small autoclaves. The material is heated to very high temperatures for a short head of 15 minutes, after which it is lead through re hunky-doryrs (mills with very contract gaps) and strainers. . 1. 1 Steam With or Without Chemicals (Digester, DD-CR, HTDD-CR) Steam devulcanization of stinkpot rubber uses a steam vessel equipped with an agitator for continuous stirring of the lemon rubber while steam is being applied. There are two variants of the basis steam process, namely, wet and dry. The wet process uses caustic and water mixed with the rubber stinkpot, while the dry process uses lonesome(prenominal) steam. If necessary, assorted reclaiming oils whitethorn be added to the mixture in the reaction vessel.In one case, a wet process using diaryl disulfide and reclaiming o ils with saturated steam at 190C (374F) was ply finely ground NR and synthetic rubber scraps. A charge of about 440 lbs. was partially devulcanized after 15 to 17 hours of affect. This process have a bun in the ovend 12 hours at ambient temperature for pre- word and 3 to 5 hours for steam or high temperature intervention (Adhikari, et al. , 2000). The dry process digester has the advantage of generating less pollution than the wet process. Scrap rubber containing natural and synthetic rubbers can be repossess by the steam digestion process.Reclaiming oil utilise for this process has molecular system of weightss between 200 and snow0, consisting of benzol, alkyl benzene, and alkylate indanes. A generic wine touch on diagram for steam devulcanization is shown in Figure A. Figure A. schematic drawing Diagram of a Steam Devulcanization dust Devulcanized meritless Dehydrating System Steam Reactor refuge layabout Chemical(s) Liquid spin-off 1. 2 Thermo-Mechanical Reclaimi ng The thermo-mechanical reclaiming processes make use of shearing forces to plasticize the rubber. Energy is introduced into the materials, resulting in a of import temperature increase, high rich to cause thermal degradation.The Lancaster-Banbury process is one of the oldest processes. Fiber-free coarse ground rubber scrap is mixed with reclaiming agents and sheared in a high speed, high-pressure internal mixer. When a continuously working, multiscrew devulcanizer is employ kinda of the internal mixer, the process is called the Ficker reclaiming process. 1 of the first continuous reclaiming processes is the so-called reclaimator process. This is essentially a single screw extruder that has been adapted to reclaim fibre-free rubber scrap in very short extrusion times.The short extrusion times make this rule suitable for SBR, that tends to harden when longer recycling times are applied. Another mechanical reclaiming process is the De-Link process. In this process finely grou nd rubber powder is mixed with the De-Link master view (DeVulc) a zinc coarseness of di methyl groupdithiocarbamate and mercaptobenzothiazole in a molar ratio of 11 to 112, dispersed in thiols and activated by stearic acid, zinc oxide and sulfur. Advantages of the process are its simplicity and the fact that standard rubber equipment is apply.No evidence is forthcoming to demonstrate that the De-Link process is employ beyond science laboratory or pilot scale. The Toyota process is another development of mechanical reclaiming. In this process a mixture of ground rubber, stark(a) rubber, oils and a devulcanization aid is masticated on a two-roll mill or in an extruder. Mechanical devulcanization is achieved through the recurrent deformation of rubber particles under specific conditions of temperature and pressure. The result is a devulcanized rubber, quick for further bear upon. Toyota developed another continuous process, Toyota Gosei (TG) combining pulverization, reclaiming and deodorization.The rubber waste has to be ground to a particle coat of it of 5-10 mm in advance it can be fed into a modular screw-type reactor with a pulverization zone and a reaction zone. The operating temperature is in the range of c-300C and vitamin C-900 rpm screw speeds are applied, the process requires about degree centigrade Kw (kilowatts) to process 200 to 300 kg (kilograms)/hr of rubber, or approximately 0. 4 kW/kg. By manipulating screw configuration and rotational speed, and touch temperature, researchers are able to control the duration of the treatment. In this charge they can, to some conclusion, control the properties of the devulcanizate.The TG process has been primarily, if not exclusively, used to devulcanize specific types of rubber compounds, such as NR and SBR. 1. 3 Mechano-Chemical Reclaiming Mixing of the rubber powder with a peptizer (chemicals used to reduce the viscosity of NR) and a reclaiming agent prior to the mechanical breakdown of the material improves the reclaiming process. The devulcanization aid is supposed to selectively break the sulfur crosslinks in the rubber network. This chemical breakdown is combined with input of thermal and/or mechanical energy, as the rate of this process is sufficiently high only at higher temperatures.The most rough-cut devulcanization aids are disulfides, e. g. aryl disulfides or diphenyl sulfides, thiophenols and their zinc salts and mercaptanes. These chemical compounds are radical scavengers they react with the radicals generated by chain- or crosslink scission and prevent recombination of the molecules. Typical concentrations for the reclaiming agents are 0. 5 to 4 wt%. fitting peptizers are aromatic and naphthenic oils with a high boiling point. Figure B. formal Diagram of a Chemical Devulcanization System Devulcanization Agent prophylactic Crumb Mixer Heated Extruder Devulcanized click Dryer arctic Liquid By-Product Unfortunately, a detailed accounting of rivulet mate rials, performance parameters, and conditions is lacking, thus inhibiting the extent of interpretation of the data. Comparisons of data are primarily limited to comparing the properties of sodding(a) rubbers with compounds containing the virgin and devulcanized material at concentrations of about 30 percent devulcanized material. As shown by the data in the table, the properties of the mixtures containing devulcanized material are in general moderately lower than those of their virgin counterparts.The inform data reflect two different types of chemical devulcanization technologies. Table 2. Properties of Waste Tire golosh Devulcanized development Chemical or Chemical/Mechanical engineering science Generic Technology Technology Surrogate exam condom intensify s % Devulc (or Ground) Matl Mooney viscousness (ML-4 212F) Tensile Strengt h (lbs/in2) 300% Modulus (lbs/ in2) Elongation to Break (%) Chemical STI-K Polymers DeLinka NR 0 61. 9 4,270 1,987 534 NR w/devulc NR 30 72. 3 4,020 2,151 489 Virgin SBR (1520) 0 96. 6 3,880 3,059 358 SBR (1520) w/devulc SBR 30 109. 2 3,580 2,923 345 Chemical/ Mechanical LandStar/ GuangzhouResearch Instituteb NR light speed 28. 4 680 SR 100 17. 2 514 AMRc Powder (devulc. additive) 100 23. 9 640 Tread Tire combined 0 20. 3 772 28. 6 19. 7 628 lessen Duty Truck Tire Compounde 0 23. 8 536 28. 6 20. 5 500 1. 4 Reclaiming by Irradiation Bond type disassociation energy (KJ/mol) C-C 349 C-S 302 S-S 273 Polysulfidic 253 Table 3. Typical bond energies 1. 4. 1 unhearable sorry devulcanization by using ultrasonic energy was first discussed in Okuda and Hatano (1987). It was a lot process in which a small piece of vulcanized rubber was devulcanized using 50 kHz ultrasonic waves after treatment for 20 minutes.The process apparently could break down C-S and S-S bonds, but not carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds. The properties of the revulcanized rubber were found to be very similar to those of the original vulcanizates. One continuous pr ocess for devulcanization of rubbers is based on the use of high-power ultrasonography electromagnetic radiation. This is a suitable way to recycle waste tires and waste rubbers. The ultrasonic waves, at certain levels, in the strawman of pressure and heat, can quickly break up the three-dimensional network in crosslinked, vulcanized rubber.The process of ultrasonic devulcanization is very fast, simple, efficient, and it is free of solvents and chemicals. The rate of devulcanization is approximately one second. This whitethorn lead to the preferential breakage of sulfidic crosslinks in vulcanized rubbers. (Isayev, 1993 Yu. Levin, et al. , 1996 Isayev, et al. , 1997 Yun, et al. , 2001 Yun & Isayev, April 2003). chthonic a license from the University of Akron for the ultrasonic devulcanization technology, NFM Company of Massillon, Ohio, has built a precedent of the machine for ultrasonic devulcanization of tire and rubber products (Boron, et al. 1996 Boron, et al. , 1999). It was reported that retreaded truck tires containing 15 and 30 weight percent (percent by weight) of ultrasonicallydevulcanized carbon black-filled SBR had passed the feeler kinetic endurance test (Boron, et al. , 1999). Extensive studies on the ultrasonic devulcanization of rubbers, and some preliminary studies on ultrasonic decrosslinking of crosslinked plastics, showed that this continuous process allows recycling of various types of rubbers and thermosets (Isayev, 1993 Hong & Isayev, 2002 (pp. one hundred sixty168) Shim, et al. 2002 Shim & Isayev, 2003 Gonzalez-de Los Santas, et al. , 1999). As a consequence of the process, ultrasonically-devulcanized rubber becomes soft, therefore enabling this material to be re touch, shaped, and revulcanized in very much the same way as virgin rubber. This new technology has been used successfully in the laboratory to devulcanize ground tire rubber (commonly referred to in the industry as GRT) (Isayev, et al. , 1995 Yun, et al. , 2001 Boron, et al. , 1996), fill and filled rubbers N (Hong & Isayev, 2001 Yu. Levin, et al. , 1996 Isayev, et al. , 1997 Diao, et al. 1998 Shim, et al. , September 2002 Ghose & Isayev, 2003), guayule rubber (Gonzalez-de Los Santas, et al. , 1999), fluoroelastomer, ethylene vinyl group acetate foam, and crosslinked polyethylene (Isayev, 1993 Isayev & Chen, 1994). After revulcanization, rubber samples exhibit good mechanical properties, which in some cases are comparable to or exceeding those of virgin vulcanizates. Structural studies of ultrasonically-treated rubber show that the breakup of chemical crosslinks is accompanied by the partial degradation of the rubber chain that is, the C-C bonds (Isayev, et al. , 1995 Tukachinsky, et al. 1996 Yu. Levin, et al. , 1997 (pp. 641649) Yushanov, et al. , 1998). The degree of degradation of C-C bonds can be straight, depending on conditions. The mechanism of rubber devulcanization under ultrasonic treatment is presently not well understood, unlike the mechanism of the degradation of long-chain polymer in solutions irradiated with ultrasound (Suslick, 1988). Ultrasonic devulcanization also alters the revulcanization kinetics of rubbers. The revulcanization of devulcanized SBR appeared to be essentially different from those of virgin SBR (Yu. Levin, et al. , 1997, pp. 120128).The induction period is shorter or absent for revulcanization of devulcanized SBR. This is also received for other unfilled and carbon black-filled rubbers such as ground rubber tire (GRT), SBR, natural rubber (NR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and butadiene rubber (BR) cured by sulfur-containing curative systems, but not for silicone rubber cured by peroxide. Ultrasonically-devulcanized rubbers consist of sol and gel. The gel portion is typically soft and has significantly lower crosslink concentration than that of the original vulcanizate. Due to the presence of sol and soft gel, the devulcanized rubber can flow and is subject to shaping.Crossl ink density and gel fraction of ultrasonically-devulcanized rubbers were found to correlate by a worldwide master curve (Yushanov, et al. , 1996 Diao, et al. , 1999 Yushanov, et al. , 1998). This curve is strange for all elastomer due to its unique chemical structure. In a comparative digest of ultrasonically reclaimed unfilled SBR, NR and EPDM rubbers, it was found that it was more difficult to reclaim EPDM than NR and SBR. Reclaiming of EPDM roofsheeting resulted in a good quality reclaim, which after revulcanization showed more or less personify mechanical properties compared to the virgin compound.The surface smoothness of the revulcanized compounds could be controlled by the process conditions. Most companies marketing ultrasonic devulcanization technologies are utilizing very similar technologies involving polar feed extruders and varying physical arrangements of ultrasonic equipment. Ultrasonic devulcanization technology is really roll upd of a devulcanization system namely, extrusion and ultrasonic processing. Two name differences in some cases are the equipment and materials used to generate the ultrasonic energy required for the process, and the positioning of the transducer(s) relative to the extruder.Two different arrangements of ultrasonic devulcanization systems are shown in Figures C and D. In this type of devulcanization system, sizing-reduced rubber particles are lade into a hopper and are subsequently fed into an extruder. The extruder mechanically pushes and pulls the rubber. This mechanical action serves to heat the rubber particles and softens the rubber. As the softened rubber is transported through the extruder cavity, the rubber is exposed to ultrasonic energy. The resulting combination of heat, pressure, and mechanical mastication is sufficient to achieve varying degrees of devulcanization.The time constant of the devulcanization process takes place in seconds. Essentially all of the rubber entering the process is discharged from the extruder in semi-solid product stream. Process losses would be primarily those due to discharges of fine particulates or of gases, if any, generated due to the mechanical and thermal processes occurring during the devulcanization process. After stifleing through the extruder die, the rubber is passed through a cooling bath and then dried. Figure C. nonrepresentational Diagram of an Ultrasonic Devulcanization System Showing a Mid- Extruder Location for the Ultrasonic SubsystemUltrasonic Processing Zone Cooling Bath Devulcanized Rubber Extruder Rubber Crumb supply hop-picker Figure D. Schematic Diagram of an Ultrasonic Devulcanization System Showing the Ultrasonic Subsystem Located at the Discharge land up of the Extruder Ultrasonic Processing Zone Cooling Bath Devulcanized Rubber Feed Hopper Extruder Rubber Crumb Table 4. Properties of Waste Tire Rubber Devulcanized Using Ultrasonic Technology Technology Surrogate Test Rubber Compound s % Devulc or (Ground) Matl Moone y Viscosity (ML-4 212F) Tensile Strength (lbs/in2) 100% Modulus (lbs/ in2) 300% Modulus (lbs/ in2) Elongation toBreak (%) U of Akron SBR 1848a 0 2,415 740 780 SBR (1848) w/devulc SBRa 10 1,075 790 540 SBR (1848) w/whole train reclaima (10) 1,940 760 660 SBR (1848) w/30 mesh buffingsa (10) 1,440 780 480 100% NR (SMR CV60) & 0% SBR (23. 5% boundary styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 3,263 116 670 NR (SMR CV60) & 25% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 1,885 123 600 NR (SMR CV60) w/devulc SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 25 580 123 380 NR (SMR CV60) & 50% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 406 131 390 Technology Surrogate Test Rubber Compound s % Devulc or (Ground) Matl Mooney Viscosity (ML-4 12F) Tensile Strength (lbs/in2) 100% Modulus (lbs/ in2) 300% Modulus (lbs/ in2) Elongation to Break (%) NR (SMR CV60) w/devulc SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 50 363 123 320 NR (SMR CV60) & 75% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 363 145 295 NR (SMR CV60) w/devulc SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 75 276 131 250 100% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 0 290 152 200 100% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Duraden 706)b 100 290 138 180 Table 5. portion Change from Virgin with Selected Devulcanization Rubber Formulations Test Rubber Compounds (grade) Parts or % %Devulc. or (Groun d) Matl. Hardnes s Shore sunder Strengt h Tensile Strengt h 100% Modulu s 300% Modulu s Elongatio n to Break Chemical STI-K Polymers DeLinka NR w/devulc NR 30 -5. 9% 8. 3% -8. 4% SBR (1520) w/devulc SBR 30 -7. 7% -4. 4% -3. 6% Kyoto Universityb Truck tire (93 NR+ 7 BR) 84 NR+ 6 BR + 20 devulc 18 8. 1% -2. 3% 2. 6% 0. 0% 74 NR+ 6 BR + 40 devulc 33 12. 9% -11. 9% 28. 2% -17. 4% 65 NR + 5 BR + 60 devulc 46 11. 3% -19. 1% 23. 1% -13. 0% LandStar/Guangzhou R Ic 100 SIR 10 + 50 devulc SIR vs. Case 1 33 4. 3% -23. 7% 6. 7% -6. 7% SIR vs. Case 2 33 6. 5% -23. 0% 11. 5% -8. 6% Tread Tire Compound 0 NR + 30 SR + 20 CIS-BR +40 AMR 28. 6 6. 7% -17. 3% -3. 0% -18. 7% Light Duty Truck Tire Compound 30 NR + 70 SR + 0 CIS-BR + 40 AMR 28. 6 1. 6% -10. 9% -13. 9% -6. 7% Retread Tire Compound c65 NR + 35 SR +40 AMR 28. 6 6. 3% -8. 6% -10. 3% -16. 8% Ultrasonic University of Akrond Versus Akrochem SBR (1848) SBR w/devulc SBR 10 -55. 5% 6. 8% -30. 8% Test Rubber Compounds (grade) Parts or % % Devulc. or (Groun d) Matl. Hardnes s Shore Tear Strengt h Tensile Strengt h 100% Modulu s 300% Modulu s Elongatio n to Break SBR w/whole Tire Reclaim 10 -19. 7% 2. 7% -15. 4% SBR w/30 Mesh Buffings 10 -40. 4% 5. 4% -38. % Natural Rubber and SBR versus devulc Base 100% NR (SMR CV60) & 0% SBR (23. 5% bound styrene, and Firestone Duraden 706) 0 Add 25% SBR, 75% NR 0 -42. 2% 6. 3% -10. 4% Devulc SBR replaces SBR 25% devulc SBR, 75% NR 25 -69. 2% 0. 0% -36. 7% 50% devulc SBR, 50% NR 50 -10. 7% -5. 6% -17. 9% 75% devulc SBR, 25% NR 75 -24. 0% -10. 0% -15. 3% SBR versus devulc SBR 100% devulc SBR 100 0. 0% -9. 5% -10. 0% Heavy carbon-blacked rub ber is the hardest to devulcanize, and silica, or other mineral-filled EDPM, is the easiest. Reincorporation of the devulcanized rubber is typically in the 20 to 40 percent range.Devulcanized single-product rubber industriousnesss are wide ranging. The reclaimed product whitethorn be reintroduced into the same end product or one with more tolerant performance characteristics for the devulcanized rubber. Devulcanized rubber come alongs to bring on advantages in bonding, strength, and tread integrity in a higher place the properties of vomitus rubber, which acts only as a rubber-like filler. tally to one developer of a devulcanization process, about 3 to 10 percent of the final exam product can be blended into virgin material before performance properties are affected.Variations of a few percent are reported by developers of devulcanization when they vary process run conditions. Run-to-run variations are normally acceptable. Devulcanized single rubber products assimilate a muc h lower degree of degradation than multiple rubber mixtures with devulcanized rubber. Virgin single-grade SBRor natural rubber heterotaxy with devulcanized material shown by the STI-K and the University of Akron datasets has, at worst, a reduction of 10 percent in tensile strength, modulus, or elongation.In some cases, the addition of devulcanized rubber causes a major reduction in performance of some properties, along with improvements in one or two properties (hardness and modulus). Because the modulus is the measure of deformationthat is, stress (stretching), compression (crushing), flexing (bending), or torsion (twisting). Similarly, the increase in hardness could be an improvement or detraction, depending on the application. The devulcanized rubber properties displayed are not needs optimized for a specific end use.Formulators will likely be able to incorporate devulcanized rubber along with other formulation components to achieve a higher level of final product performance . Key product performance variables are level of contamination, number of rubber types in the rubber mixtures, and additives used by the formulations. The effect of additives was discussed antecedently under Product Characteristics. The number of types of rubber in waste tires is one of the most important factors affecting quality of devulcanized waste tire rubber.Optimizing a devulcanization process is very difficult when more than one type of rubber is involved. Depending on the process used, process conditions, the material, and the mingle level of the devulcanized rubber, most properties will be reduced by a few percent to more than two-thirds of those of the virgin material. In accompaniments where the devulcanized rubber properties are within 10 percent of the original rubber material, blending would seem to be an attractive opportunity that offers the potential of adding a low-cost recycled substitute.The best operating model for devulcanizers of single rubber formulation is a apply devulcanization line (or long run) of specific rubber. Smaller mickles of single formulations require incur extra costs for downtime and lost product caused by the cleanout between runs. The devulcanized rubber itself and some of its additives and fillerssuch as carbon black presumably add value. These fillers take the place of new additives and fillers that would otherwise be necessary. 1. 4. 2 Microwave Microwave technology has also been proposed to devulcanize waste rubber (Fix, 1980 Novotny, et al. 1978). This process applies the heat very quickly and uniformly on the waste rubber. The method employs the application of a controlled amount of microwave energy to devulcanize a sulfur-vulcanized elastomer containing polar groups or componentsto a state in which it could be compounded and revulcanized into useful products such as hoses. The process requires extraordinary or substantial physical properties. On the basis of the relative bond energies of C-C, C-S, and S-S bonds, the scission of the S-S and carbon-sulfur crosslinks appeared to take place.However, the material to be used in the microwave process moldiness be polar enough to accept energy at a rate sufficient to generate the heat necessary for devulcanization. This method is a quid process and requires expensive equipment. Figure E. Schematic Diagram of a Microwave Devulcanization System Rubber Crumb Microwave Unit Devulcanized Rubber Cooling System 1. 5 Microbial Reclaiming Thiobacillus-bacteria are able to oxidise the sulfur in polysulfonic bonds to sulphate. This reaction is limited to a surface layer of the rubber with a onerousness of less than 1 ? and the oxidation takes several weeks. The thiophilic bacteria Sulfolobus Acidocaldarius is able to break open carbonsulfur bonds in a stepwise oxidation reaction of the carbon-bound sulfur into a sulfoxide, a sulfone and finally to a sulphate8, 9. The disadvantage of these processes is the low devulcanization rate. Apparently, thes e types of biological devulcanization processes are exclusively or primarily limited to the surface layers of the elastomers (Christiansson, et al. , 1998). This circumstance may explain the overall low rates of desulfurization based on total mass processed.Figure F. Schematic Diagram of Biological Devulcanization System Microorganisms and master of ceremonies Media Mixer/ Reactor Rubber Crumb Devulcanized Rubber Dryer Filter By-Product driftes Liquid By-Product Chapter2 Cost Analysis Given the lack of information in the literature, the cost estimates are based on a synthesis of information and data from multiple sources for a given generic type of technology The analysis was generally performed by determining the costs ( dandy and operating and maintenance) of the processes and equipment described in the available literature.The cost analyses were conducted for three technologies that use different processing approaches chemical, ultrasonic, and mechanical. * The key processing elements of each of these technologies have been previously described in this report, and they serve as the primary basis of estimating gravid and operating and maintenance costs. The data in Table 6 summarize the capital costs and operating and maintenance costs for the technologies analyzed. The data for the capital cost analysis include an allowance for engineering services for the formula of the facility.The information shows that the capital costs for the processes vary from about $92,000 to about $166,000. ** poor technical foul information and data were found during the study to enable time-tested cost analyses for other devulcanization technologies. Table 6. Estimated Unit Costs for the Production of Devulcanized Rubber Item Mechanical Chemical Ultrasonic Capacity (lb/hr) 100 75 75 Capital Cost ($) 92,000 166,000 163,000 O Cost ($) 135,000 172,000 136,000 Amortized Capital and O ($) 143,000 186,000 150,000Amortized Unit Cost ($/lb) 0. 7 1. 2 1. 0 Interest rate 6% per ye ar Amortization period 20 years Similarly, the data in the table indicate that the operating and maintenance costs for facilities of this type range from about $135,000 to $172,000. The operating cost estimates include the cost of crumb rubber feedstock for each of the processes. Based on the relative small size of the facilities, the costs of the rental of a building for processing in operating and maintenance are included. This eliminated the cost of building a structure.As shown in the Table, the estimated amortized costs for producing devulcanized rubber are $1. 0/lb for the ultrasonic process, $1. 2/lb for the chemical process, and $0. 7/lb for the mechanical process. The analysis used an interest rate of 6 percent per year and an amortization period of 20 years. Due to uncertainties represented by the lack of detailed technical data and operating history for the technologies, the accuracy of the cost estimates is +/- 30 percent. As mentioned earlier, these costs reflect produc tion at low capacities.Some reduction in unit cost would likely occur due to economies of larger scale production. However, estimating reduction in unit cost is difficult because of the lack of data relating to production costs to different levels of throughput capacity for particular devulcanization technologies. For the size of operations considered in this analysis, labor costs are a substantial portion of the production costs. It is very difficult, however, to estimate the magnitude of any potential reductions in unit labor costs that qualificationiness occur if processing capacities were increased substantially.All circumstances considered, any estimates of commercial production costs for devulcanization of waste tire rubber are highly speculative at best. The best estimate of the study team is that perhaps production costs could be reduced by 25 to 30 percent if processing capacities were increased by a factor of approximately 5 to 10. The estimates of processing costs deve loped in this study do not include the costs of pollution control. The chapter lists the types of emissions that could be expected.The difficulty of permitting such a process and the cost of compliance with environmental regulations may comprise a significant barrier to the implementation of this technology. Conceivably, pollution control costs could add 10 to 30 percent to the cost of devulcanization. The difficulty of permittingand the costwould be a function of the type of devulcanization technology, the processing rates, and other factors. In general, the expectation is that the cost of environmental control systems for chemical devulcanization systems would be greater than that for ultrasonic or mechanical processes.The composition of rubber and additives that are used in rubber compounds in the manufacture of vulcanized rubber can and do have a dramatic effect on the properties of materials manufactured from devulcanized rubber. Apparently, the inferior properties of some poor ly (inadequately) devulcanized rubber can be compensated for by the addition of chemicals and the adjustment of operating conditions, among other remedies. In many cases in the literature, this situation is not addressed or discussed. Consequently, comparing devulcanization technologies is difficult.From most of the literature descriptions of the processes, what happens to the sulfur and other vulcanization chemicals during the various processes is unclear. Chapter 3 Environmental Analysis poor information is available in the literature on the environmental set up associated with waste tire devulcanization technologies. The lack of information apparently exists because business developers and researchers have concentrated their efforts primarily on technology improvements and achieving satisfactory properties for devulcanized rubber, an estimation of emission rates and a detailed environmental analysis are therefore not possible.However, using data and information from some other types of tire manufacturing processes (for example, extrusion of rubber) and the characteristics of vehicle tires, a qualitative analysis was performed. The environmental analysis described subsequently is limited to chemical and ultrasonic devulcanization and assumes that control of emissions would be required. 3. 1 Chemical technology Chemical devulcanization processes are usually jam processes that involve mixing crumb rubber with chemical reactants at a specific temperature and pressure.Once the design reaction time has elapsed, the contents are then rinsed, filtered, and dried to remove any remaining unwanted chemical components. The product can then be bagged or otherwise processed for resale. A block flow diagram of a generic chemical devulcanization process is illustrated in Figure G, showing the raw material feed is crumb rubber. The crumb rubber is mixed with one or more devulcanization agents. Chemical agents identified as devulcanization agents are listed in Table 8. During processing in the batch reactor, dehydrations are paper bagd that must be undisturbed and treated before release to the ambient atmosphere.Typical types of vapours that might be emitted from a batch reactor are listed in Table 9. The chemicals that would be vented from the batch reactor are dependent on the characteristics of the waste tire feedstock and on the chemical agent(s) used in devulcanizing the crumb rubber. For example, if disulfides are used in the process, they could result in formation of total heat sulfide (H2S) or methyl or other mercaptans (RSH). If the chemical agent orthodichlorobenzene is used, chlorinated hydrocarbons could potentially be released in the form of air emissions.Methyl iodide is volatile, and if used as a devulcanization agent, it could be vaporized. Since tire manufacturing utilizes zinc oxide and zinc carbonate, chemical devulcanization might also produce airborne metal particulates. Once the batch is fully processed, the reactor is ve nted. The vent gases are treated prior to release to the atmosphere. The vapors cannot be treated by vapor phase carbon because these chemicals will plate out and blind the carbon, making it ineffective. Instead, the vapor from the batch reactor needs to be thermally oxidized.At the high exit temperatures, typically as high as 2000F (1100C), the thermal oxidizer vent gases need to be cooled in a quench tower to approximately 300F (150C). Then, to remove any metals or other particulate, the vent gases are piped to a baghouse. Because of the high thermal oxidizer temperatures, methyl mercaptans (RSH) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the crumb rubber is oxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO2). Therefore, downstream of the baghouse, a scrubber is required to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2), as shown in Figure G.Scrubbed vent gases are then released to the atmosphere. In addition to the scrubber vent gases described above, crystalline waste is generated from the scrubber. This perspicuous stream contains sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). This liquid waste can be disposed in receiving waters such as a river, stream, or bay. However, discharging to receiving waters will require a significant amount of treatment equipment and eventually a permit. As seen in Figure G, the devulcanized rubber is moved from the batch reactor to a separator by a heated extruder.Liquid that drips off the devulcanized rubber is removed in the separator and eliminated by feeding it to the same thermal oxidizer as the vent gases from the batch reactor. After the liquid has dripped off the devulcanized rubber in the separator, any remaining moisture is removed in the dryer. Fired dryers are typically supply by natural gas burners. Dryer vent gases are piped to the common thermal oxidizer. Based on the concentration of solids in the scrubber outgoing, processing the scrubber effluent through a filter press to dewater the solids may be necessary and cost-effective. Filter-pressed dewatered solids are called fil ter cake. Filter cake might require organisation in a hazardous waste site. notwithstanding though the waste disposal site may accept the scrubber effluent water, the stintings may favor installation and use of a filter press. This is necessary to dewater the solids due to the high cost of disposal of liquid waste. Figure G. Block Flow Diagram of a Chemical Devulcanization System Solids H2O Batch Reactor Heated Extruder Separator Crumb Rubber Devulcanization Agent 300 F Liquids Devulcanized Rubber Dryer Natural torpedo Vapors Thermal Oxidizer Quench Tower Baghouse Natural Gas Scrubber 2000 F 300 F H2O line of reasoning Emissions Air Emissions toAtmosphere Effluent irrigate Table 7. Tire Raw Materials Polymers Antiozonants Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (polymer) Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) n,n-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-pphenylenediamine cis-Polybutadiene copolymer paraffinic wax Vulcanizing Agents Antioxidants Sulfur Alkylphenols Tetra-methyl th iurame sulfide Resorcinol Accelerators 2,6-Diterbutylhydroquinone Diphenylguanidine Retarders 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole n-Cyclohexylthiophthalimide n-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide Plasticizers 2-(n-Morpholinyl)-mercaptobenzothiazole aliphatic oil Hexamethylenetetramine remindful oilActivators Naphthenic oil Zinc oxide Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Zinc carbonate Extenders stearic acid Silica gel Carbon black Table 8. Chemical Agents Used in Chemical Tire Devulcanization Processes Triphenyl phosphine Sodium di-n-butyl phosphite Thiol-amine reagents (specifically propane-thiol/piperidine, dithiothreitol, and hexane-lthiol) Lithium aluminium hydride Phenyl lithium Methyl iodide Hydroxide with quaternary ammonium chloride as a catalyst Orthodichlorobenzene Diphenyldisulphide Diallyl disulfide Toluene, naphtha, benzene, and/or cyclohexane, etc. in the presence of sodium Diamly disulfideDibenzyl disulfide Diphenyl disulfide Bis(alkoxy aryl) disulfides Butyl mercaptan and thiopenols xylol thiols Phenol sulfides and disulfides Alkyl phenol sulfides (for SBR) N,N-dialkyl aryl amine sulfides (for SBR in neutral or alkaline solutions) 3. 2 Ultrasonic technology Devulcanization by ultrasonic methods may be a continuous process (see Figure H). As the go steady illustrates, crumb rubber is loaded into a hopper and is subsequently fed into an extruder. The extruder mechanically pushes and pulls the rubber. This mechanical action serves to heat the rubber particles and soften the rubber.As the softened rubber is transported through the extruder cavity, the rubber is exposed to ultrasonic energy. The resulting combination of ultrasonic energy, along with the heat, pressure, and mechanical mastication, is sufficient to achieve varying degrees of devulcanization. The impression time to the ultrasonic energy is only seconds. Essentially all of the rubber entering the process is discharged from the extruder in a semi-solid product stream. Process losses would be primari ly emissions of fine particulate or of gases, if any, resulting from the mechanical and thermal applications occurring during devulcanization.Since the typical operating temperature of an ultrasonic devulcanization reactor is about 230F (110C), less vapor emission would be expected than from chemical devulcanization. Furthermore, since no chemicals are added to break the sulfur bonds that caused vulcanization to occur, there would likely be lower air emissions. After exiting through the extruder die, the rubber is passed through a cooling bath and then dried. Vented vapors would need to be treated by one of two methods. One method would be to use a small thermal oxidizer.The design of the thermal oxidizer, baghouse, and scrubber would be similar to that described previously for chemical devulcanization. However, the physical size of the oxidizer would be smaller, and the baghouse and scrubber would be larger. A second method to treat the vent gases exiting the ultrasonic devulcaniza tion reactor would be use of vapor phase carbon. In this method, due to the lower operating temperatures of the ultrasonic process, vent gas exiting the ultrasonic zone would have to be heated above the dew point temperature.If this elevation in temperature is not accomplished, the vent gases could condense on the surface of the carbon and thus blind the bed. In other words, surface assimilation sites on the surface of the carbon would be ineffective, and vent gases would exit the carbon bed untreated. If vapor phase carbon were to be used, the capital cost would be less than that of a thermal oxidizer. However, carbon is not very efficient. Weight loading can be approximately 10 weight percentin other words, adsorbing ten pounds of vent gas contaminants for every 100 pounds of carbon used. Use of carbon will have a relatively high operating cost.Also, the disposal of spent carbon can be very expensive. This is especially true if the spent carbon requires disposal at a hazardous wa ste disposal site. Even if the carbon is regenerated on-site, adsorption efficiency decreases after each regeneration. Typically, carbon can only be regenerated ten times. For illustration purposes, Figure H indicates the use of vapor phase carbon. Devulcanized rubber exiting the ultrasonic processing zone has to be cooled. A common method of reducing the rubber temperature is a cooling bath. The volume of cooling water used would be significant. Cooling water may become ontaminated from the process this effluent water leaving the cooling bath has to be treated. If an air cooler such as fin fans is used in lieu of water in the cooling bath, the volume of effluent liquid would be reduced. Another alternative would be to use a closed-loop cooling system, where the cooling water is cooled and returned to the process for reuse. If there is a buildup of contaminants, a small slipstream could be taken off and treated in a POTW, greatly reducing the amount of effluent that would otherwise require treatment. Figure H. Block Flow Diagram of an Ultrasonic Devulcanization System UltrasonicProcessing Zone Cooling Bath Devulcanized Rubber Feed Hopper Extruder Crumb Rubber Cooling Water Supply Effluent Water Heater Air Emissions Baghouse Carbon Air Emissions to Atmosphere Table 9. authorization Types of Chemical Compounds Emitted by Chemical and Ultrasonic Devulcanization Technologies Compound likely Source Benzene Plasticizers remindful oil Methylcyclohexane Plasticizers Na phthemic oil Toluene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Heptane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 4-Vinylcyclohexene Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), cis- PolybutadieneEthylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Octane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil p-Xylene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Styrene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Nonane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 1,4-Cyclohexadiene-1-isopropyl-4- methyl Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) Isopropylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil C yclohexene-1-methyl-3-(1- methylvinyl) Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) Propylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Benzaldehyde Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) 1-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexane (trans) Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexane cis) Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1-isopropyl-3-methylcyclohexane Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Decane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Tri-isobutylene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) & cis-Polybutadiene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Cyclohexene-5-methyl-3-(1- methylvinyl) Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) Indane Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Cyclohexene-1-methyl-4-(1- methylvinyl) Polymers Natural Rubber (polyisoprene) 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Dimethylstyrene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)Undecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Tetramethylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil 1,3-Di-isopropyl benzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil 1,4-Di-isopropyl benzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Compound Probable Source 2-Isopropyl-6-methylphenol Antioxidents Alkylphenols Cyclohexylisothiocyanate Retarders n-Cyclohexyl-thiophthalimide Cyclododecatriene Polymers cis-Polybutadiene Dodecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Tridecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Tetraisobutylene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) & cis-Polybutadiene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil -ter-Butylstyrene Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Dimethylpropylhexahydronaphthale ne Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Tetradecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Nonylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil 2,6-Di-ter-butyl-p-quinone Antioxidents 2,6-Diterbutyl-hydroquinone Pentadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 1,6-dimethyl-4-isopropyl-1,2,3,4- tetra-hydronaphthalene Plasticizers Naphthemic oil Decylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Di-ter-butylthiophene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Diethyl phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-ph thalate Hexadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil ,2-Di-tolylethane Polymers styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Heptadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 2,6-Di-ter-butyl-4-ethylphenol Antioxidents Alkylphenols Octadecane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil 1-Phenylnaphthalene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Di-iso-butyl phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Tridecylbenzene Plasticizers Aromatic oil Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Eicosane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Heneicosane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Docosane Plasticizers Aliphatic oil Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Plasticizers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate Chapter 4 ConclusionsDevulcanization of specific types of rubber and/or waste tire rubber has a long history. However, only deep have limited technical data been reported in the available literature. Usually when reported, the tested properties of devulcanized rubber compose an incomplete list. This is especially true in the interpretation of how the devulcanized product would perform during compounding, in the manufactured end product, or both. Circumstantial and anecdotal evidence indicates significant technical and economic barriers to devulcanization of waste rubber.Based on the information collected in the study, is believed that the only method of achieving bulk devulcanization, as opposed to surface devulcanization, rests with ultrasonic or microwave devulcanization methods. Of these two methods of energy application, ultrasound appears to have substantially more research and development history. An important observation is that microwave technology is not an effective or efficient way to devulcanize non-polar rubber types, which collectively compose the vast majority of the mass of rubber in waste rubbers.Because of the ability to internally devulcanize cured rubber, ultrasonically devulcanized waste tire rubber may have more desirable marketing characteristics than those of surface-devulcanizing processes under similar conditions of cost and yield. The latter processes (surface devulcanizing) include mechanical, chemical, and biological processes. However, test data and applications for ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber are lacking in the industry, along with process cost documentation.The devulcanized rubber market is most fully developed for single product materials made from manufacturing scrap that are reclaimed for reuse in the same process or in a broader specification application. The reprocessing of single rubbers depends upon being located near a large-volume rubber products company with enough scrap and enough rubber applications to justify the devulcanization step. Devulcanization of waste rubber, despite considerable research and developmental effort, is still in an early growth stage.Devulcanization lacks adequate test data and data interpretation, and it has poorly defined end product specifications without adequately justified and defined applications and uses. Research funds appear to be most available for analyse devulcanization of single rubber types, as opposed to studying rubber types with complex mixtur. In applications already using crumb rubber, devulcanized rubber can have advantages if the process combines a vulcanized rubber or other compatible material to create an integrated structure. The structure must have much better properties than those imparted by the filler role that crumb rubber frequently serves.

Alcoholism and Its Effects on the Family

tipsiness is as well known as a family unsoundness. Alcoholics whitethorn ca-ca young, teenage, or grown-up minorren they have wives or husbands they have br an some other(prenominal)s or sisters they have p bents or other relatives. An dry stack totally disrupt family lifetime and cause noxious printings that can last a lifetime. According to the U. S. De subdivisionment of wellness and Human run and SAMHSAs (Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration) National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, s evety six million American adults have been exposed to alcoholism in the family. crapulence is responsible for more family problems than any(prenominal) other single cause. According to Silverstein (1990), one of every four families has problems with alcohol. inebriety whitethorn be defined as the disease that ventures the environment, genetic, and psychosocial detailors of an individual. The verbalize disease is said to be distinguished by per iodic or unvarying intake of alcohol, without worrying about the adverse effects the addiction whitethorn incur on the individual (National Council on crapulence and Drug Dependence, February 3, 1990). For this, drinking has been regarded to have several effects on families.Like any other addiction, tipsiness has its detri psychic effects on the user. The normal signs include problems in the nominate and in the intestines, ulcer, nausea and vomiting, deliriums, and the urge to have more of the general vice. However, undue intake of the cloudburst beverage would cause much damage to the body. start from ulcer, the problems would carry to cash in ones chips psychological, greatly affecting the individual. If not taken seriously, the symptoms would gird and would eventually lead to kidney problems, insomnia, weight loss, liver failure, and even death (National give-and-take Referral, n.d. ). Although Alcoholism has not been taken seriously, families have been greatly affecte d by the symptoms and effects it has exuded on the people involved. The addiction starts with an individual tipsiness an estimated twain bottles of beer a day. Eventually, the individual increases his tolerance for the said drug by drinking more of the customary vice each day. Eventually, the individual begins to show signs of temper and impatience towards his peers and people around him. Contact with peers is limited, for conflicts normally arise when this happens (Alcoholism Symptoms, n. d. ).Unfortunately, the family and its extremitys argon the most affected people in this dilemma. This may be attri entirelyed to the fact that alcoholism can affect anyone regardless of age, sex, income and social status, and even ethnicity. This gist that almost anyone can be afflicted by this. The worst part of them all is the fact that the simple drinking of beer could lead to a childs heartbreak, or worse to the child being excitedly disturbed (Parsons, December 4, 2003). Alcoholism p resent in families has been classified into four images typeface one, type two, type three, and type four respectively.The first type was regarded as active alcoholism. This was the type that included family members, much(prenominal) as the parents, children, grand parents, and so forth. It has been stated that this type has been present in all family lineages. The second type involved a family member that has stopped drinking alcoholic beverages. Although thither was no more active alcoholic in the house, the family still supports the authority that alcoholics follow. However, conflict still becomes a great part of the family. On the other hand, Type Three shows how the alcoholic has been removed from the family, for a generation or so.This type shows how a parent would not be considered as an alcoholic regardless of the familys history. careless(predicate) of this, characteristics for possible alcohol addiction may still become evident. Lastly, Type Four is considered to be a n alcoholic system. This may be attributed to the fact that alcoholism easily progresses, and may easily gust members of the family causing chaos (Olivera, November 19, 2005). Sometimes, Alcoholism is regarded to be genetic, and inherited from previous generations.Individuals who have family members who are alcoholics have a high risk of acquiring the said disease. Unfortunately, it is the children who suffer the most. As mentioned earlier, having parents for alcoholics would have an effect on the children. They would tend to be emotionally disturbed, and their deportment changes as well. Some even tend to be rebellious as a sign of protest to what is being shown by the parent. Although the whole situation is being blamed on genes, sometimes the behavior of the parents and what the children see are what matters most.When they witness such heartbreaking moments at such a young age, different queries would be formed at the rear end of their minds and would eventually lead to differ ent factors (Alcoholism A Family Component, August 2005). Alcoholism may be attributed for numerous things. Although there are certain things that people can do to make love with life, there are certain things that alcohol does in an individuals body to console them. Human needs are given and everyone becomes happy. However, there are still certain things in life that are not taken into consideration.Furthermore, I believe that it is best to verbalize that circumstances are really pivotal in the relationships of family members. For one, excessive heartaches cannot be cured with righteous a simple snap of a finger. Regardless of how an individual would try to forget a heartbreaking moment, he just can not. In turn, they shift their attention to other mediums, such as alcohol, to make them feel wagerer. Being consumed by the alcohol inhibits them from wallowing on their heartaches, and in turn, go on with their interrupted life. Another instance that may be attributed to alcohol i ntake is depression.The individual would feel that being drunk is better than suffering from the heartaches and problems brought about by the circumstances that happened around them. It is just but human nature to feel hurt when some things are do unwillingly however, it also depends on the individuals on how they would be able to cope up with such circumstances. Furthermore, I believe that it is best to say that the family is the elemental structure of society affected by such dilemma. Seeing a family member wallow on the negative effects of alcohol may become heartbreaking, and worse, detrimental to the once healthy relationship that the family had.In addition to this, unborn babies who have no idea of the real world are also being affected by this habitual vice. Pregnant women tend to slide by on some of the alcoholic content into their unborn children, while nerve-racking to enjoy this extraordinary lifestyle. Unfortunately, the intake of alcoholic beverages also causes some abnormalities and defects on the unborn babies. These tend to become irreversible and would forever remind the parents of their habitual vice. Children, on the other hand, also tend to be affected by such dilemma.Witnessing a parent wallow on the harsh effects of alcohol would make them perceive things differently from those of children their age. They tend to form criminality feelings toward themselves, and have very low esteem. In addition to this, they form a feeling of abandonment from their parents, because they feel that their parents would opt to satisfy their needs for the habitual vice than care for them. From here on, the children would start out insecurities about themselves that greatly affect their academic standing. In school, these children would be regarded to be different from their peers, for they tend to set forth from the crowd.In this light, they would also opt to be alone and become anti-social. Building relationships with others would become difficult from their end, for they would feel that they would also be blamed for any reproach action made by their peers (Effects of Alcoholism on Families, n. d. ). Although adults may tend to become more understanding of such situations than children, they may also be affected by the addiction. Having an alcoholic for a better half would come as a challenge that has effects on the relationship. Like the children, the better half also has to deal with the emotional and mental torture brought about by alcoholism.The affair as father and mother would be passed on to the normal spouses hands, because of the partners inability to fulfill them. In this regard, the non-alcoholic spouse would have difficulty in handling everything, which would also have an effect on the children. As much as possible, the non-alcoholic spouse would accomplish tasks deemed from both, even to the extent of trying to be perfect. Unfortunately, the emotional and mental turmoil experienced by the spouse would come in bet ween the relationship with the children.In this regard, the children would develop a sense of rejection from both parents. Alcoholism also affects the financial perceptual constancy of the family, for much money is being spent in purchasing alcoholic beverages. In this regard, other privileges are sacrificed by the other members of the family. Quite a heartbreaking situation, but this is the way things go. For this, many couples would opt for separation and disjoint (Parsons, December 14, 2003). From everything that has been said, it may be clearly stated that Alcoholism unquestionably as an effect on the family.Although it was evident how much emotional and mental turmoil Alcoholism may have on each member of the family, it may also be seen that not all are negative. talent people temporary bliss would also help in the emotional state of an individual. However, this would come as a threat when things go overboard. Alcoholism is not as bad as it may seem. People should hardly be careful when dealing with such, so that no other psyche may be broken emotionally. Furthermore, having control over ones self is essential in making the individual more capable of facing the future ahead of him. References Parsons, T.(2003). Alcoholism and its effect on the family. solely Psych Online. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from http//allpsych. com/journal/alcoholism. html (n. d. ). Alcoholism in the family What can you do. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from http//www. learn-about-alcoholism. com/alcoholism-in-the-family. html (2005). Alcoholism A family component. Retrieved November 27, 2008 from http//www. alcoholismresources. com/family_alcoholism. html (n. d. ) Alcoholism sysmptoms. http//www. learn-about-alcoholism. com/alcoholism-symptoms. html Leskinen, S. (n. d. ). Alcoholism A family illness. Retrieved Nove

Children and the hous Essay

cutter has been called a dirty realist. In what focusing do you think this tail assembly be applied to Neighbors and Theyre non your married man?I dont think stonecutters work foot really be stereotyped it is certainly divergent from other fiction by other American writers, so I dont think it can ever really be given a heading like dirty realism. dismantle though the word dirty conjures pictures of filth, squalor and generally whatever function sexually different that concourse tend to shun, but in fact it almost has a double meaning- it doesnt break to mean sordid- its almost a term for describing any thing sexually explicit which might otherwise be judgement unethical or immoral.Neighbors is a story which basically is an insight into individual elses purporttime- approximatelything that you would never dominionly know about that could be translated as interfering or an incredible lack of respect for other people and their belongings.Theyre non your economise is a portrayal of male look and how compulsory it can sometimes be.Neighbors is a revealing insight into the life of a couple going through a particularly elusive stage in their relationship. The idea of such a trivial thing like feeding their friends cat is a particular trait of cutters- to use something incredibly mundane to blossom something amazing from something pretty windy and routine.The way Bill and Arlene break all the unwritten laws of society and therefore bring a new flame to their relationship is odd in itself, but when you think about it, it is an patent way- to try on the harps of people who atomic number 18 happy and confident in their relationship, and copy it into yours. The non conformist way they behave is yet another style of Carver to show us the way people behave when they know other people cant see into their world or the way they are acting.I dont think that this particular story is particularly dirty, notwithstanding if it is slightly sexual- it i s not particularly crude or off putting. It is kind of subtle- for example, the way that they always use the excuse of playing with Kitty when they surpass hours in the Stones flat, is reminiscent of felines, which can be portrayed as sexy or sexual, and it is such a pathetic excuse that its obvious its not true- but neither of them ever questions it, they seem to have a hidden bond which lets them understand each other perfectly, and I think this is why they dont need to discuss anything when they go into the flat to make believeher.Although the Millers make the fatal mis deem of leaving the key intimate the house at the end of the story, it is too late, the image of perfect, routine middle- chassis life is broken. We realise that when we saw these people as a normal couple, mundane with no ups and d take ins in their lives, that we had only just scratched the surface. These people can behave just as badly as anyone else an although we do not see it, they are just as improbab le to conform to some perfect boring lifestyle than any of us.Theyre not your husband is a frank description of how male behavior can backsheesh to extremes when men are put under great pressure. This can practically happen in relationships when the female is more(prenominal) successful than the male, yet is unlikely to happen in circumstances where the man is the breadwinner and a wife or partner is left at home to look after children and the house.This line is proved when Earls failure to get himself a job leads to his controlling behavior over his wife in a want of something to live for, a purpose in life. Earl enjoys having some influence over her life and the way he can make decisions for her- after all, he doesnt really have any to make for himself. It gives him something to think about- ways to get her to lose more charge quickly, to make her an object of desire that he can be proud to be seen with.Earl seems to have no opinions or morals of his own- he relies on the opi nions and gossip of other people to tell apart him whether his wife is attractive or not. He doesnt seem to be able to tell that she has lost too mush weight- it is like he has lost slight control of his mind, similar to the way anorexics do, they believe they are still fat even when they are skeletal. Earl would like her to continue losing weight until he hears someone say that she looks good- then he would be satisfied.The vocabulary used in this story is much more crude and jingoist than that used in Neighbors. When the two business men discuss Doreen, verbalise Some men like their quim fat, this is deliberately coarse and rough to represent just how lightly it was said, and how shallow Earl must be to take it seriously instead of standing up for his wife and forgetting about it. kind of he walks out of the cafe, pretending not to know her to save himself embarrassment. The speech communication they use is quite dirty, but this is not Carvers own views- it is him trying to show how insincere and shallow people can be, and the several-seeded way they can behave. How 0men can judge a woman evidently by her looks and completely ignore character.This is extremely realistic in the sense impression of how people are embarrassed to admit they are with somebody because they think theyre special, desperate for other people not to think worsened of them because they like someone not considered to be up to the standards of others. It shows the appalling direct that things can get to in a real- life situation without any of the family noticing much. IT takes outsiders to make a difference, good or bad.In both stories Carver uses dirty realism to give the audience an insight into the lives of real people- things that could genuinely happen and dont revolve around some considerable unrealistic drama like a lot of fiction does. however it is a lot more obvious in Theyre not your husband than it is in Neighbors, simply because the language is that much more keen and unrefined. It is subtler in Neighbors, yet it is still there, and if anything, I find the subtlety more effective than the obvious, harsh language in Theyre not your husband.In both stories the language is simple and unpolished, leaving the mind of the ratifier open to discover the seedy and immoral world he has ground his characters in. It opens your eyes to see the world around us in the identical way, which is slightly daunting and depressing, but probably a good thing in the long run as it lets us look at other people and realise how pointless their lives are.I think Carver has been classed as a dirty realist simply for the reasons that he uses sex as to act as a part in the life of charitable beings which can be changed by something which doesnt have to be rattling dramatic, making it realistic.

Human Rights Essay

Human rights ar defined as all right to which all humans be entitled. Examples of human rights include license of expression, freedom against torture, indefinite detainment and unreasonable seem and seizure. Jimmy Carter expresses a concern for human rights when he says in his beginning(a) address We ordain be ever vigilant and never vulnerable, and we will exhort our wars against poverty, ignorance, and in unspoiledice for those are the enemies against which our forces can be honorably marshaled Our clean sense dictates a clear-cut preference for these societies which share with us an unchanging respect for individual human rights.As one of the few doves of the American presidency, Carter emphasizes a need to combat poverty, ignorance, and injustice. These are the biggest violators of human rights, and for Carter to mention these concepts in the midst of the Cold War and the Vietnam War demonstrates the importance of these concepts to him. Even at this time, he called for the elimination of all nuclear weapons from this earth, a design as super idealistic today as it was almost xl years ago. Balance of Power Balance of power refers to the idea of maintaining stability between both nations or among several nations.John F. Kennedy in 1961 was worry about the balance of power when he said, Let both sides, for the premier(prenominal) time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and rule of arms and consume the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science rather of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, angle the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce. Kennedy understood that the United States and the Soviet labor union were at odds in developing superior technologies.He exhibits a desire to use scientific developments resulting from the arms race between the two nations for cooperative activities instead of ill-intentioned activities. Kennedy led the United States in bipolar area, so diplomacy to get the two biggest powers to work together instead of to fight each other was key. Unilateralism Unilateralism is a philosophy that supports one-sided action as opposed to cooperative action. Both George W.Bush and Barack Obama addressed this concept, but in different ways. Bush implicitly supported the idea, when he said in his first inaugural address, Our democratic faith is more than the creed of our country, it is the inwrought hope of our humanity, an ideal we carry, but do not own. Obama, however, rejected unilateralism when he said, Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with the sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot hold dear us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Though Bush was verbalise in before the events of 9/11, he alrea dy demonstrated in this address that part of his policies were to have the United States spread democracy and freedom around the world. Bush thought that this role of freedom martyr of the world is Americas role and Americas role alone. Obama debunked this idea, illustrating that in history, countries worked together to fend off harsh governments and to spread democracy and freedom. Obama, whether he truly believes this or not, had to separate himself politically from Bush policies because Bush policies were highly unpopular.

Packet Sniffing

Sniffing In short, softw ar remains sniffing is the method used to see all kinds of development as is passes allplace the vane it is linked to, but how does a mailboat sniffer work? A packet sniffer is a pitch of softw ar or hardw be fit of monitoring all mesh transaction. It is able to capture all future and outgoing traffic for example clear-text passwords, user name and other backstage or sensitive details. packet boat sniffing is a inning of outfit-tap applied to learning processor intercommunicates instead of ph superstar profits. It came into vogue with Ethernet, which is cognise as a divided medium web.This means that traffic on a segment passes by all armaments attached to that segment. Ethernet hardw be contained a filter that prevented the phalanx implement from actually seeing any other traffic than that belonging to the host. Sniffing programs go game off the filter, and thus see everyones traffic. In the scheme of social functions, a estima tor usually merely examines a packet of data that corresponds to the computers address but with a packet sniffer you argon able to stack the network interface to well-heeled modality. In this case it examines solely available knowledge passing through it.As the data passes through the system it is copied and stored in memory or on a hard drive. The copies are then able to be studied and the information analyzed. The captured information is decoded from stark digital form into ahuman-readableformat that permits users of the protocol analyzer to substantially review the exchanged information As soon as you tie to the internet, you sign on to a network that is under the watch of your ISP. This network can communicate with other networks and in short forms the basis of the internet.If a packet sniffer is located at a server owned by your ISP, it has the potential to gain access to * The web sites visited. * What is searched for on the site. * Your e-mail recipients. * The circ umscribe of your mail. * Any files you download. * A enumerate of your audio, video and telephony options. * A list of visitors to your website. Switched vs. Non-Switched In a non- budgeed network environment packet sniffing is an easy thing to do. This is because network traffic is move to a hub which shines it to everyone. Switched networks are completely unalike in the way they operate.Switches work by sending traffic to the finis host only. This happens because switches live CAM tables. These tables store information like MAC addresses, switch ports, and VLAN information 1. Before sending traffic from one host to other on the same local area network, the host ARP cache is starting signalborn checked. The ARP cache is a table that stores both bottom 2 (MAC) addresses and Layer 3 (IP) addresses of hosts on the local network. If the destination host isnt in the ARP cache, the source host sends a ventilate ARP request looking for the host. When the host replies,the traffi c can be sent to it.The traffic goes from the source host to the switch, and then directly to the destination host. This description shows that traffic isnt air out to every host, but only to the destination host, therefore its harder to sniff traffic. inactive Vs. Active Sniffing Sniffers are a powerful piece of software. They have the capability to place the hosting systems network pla vizor into promiscuous mode. A network card in promiscuous mode can receive all the data it can see, not near packets addressed to it. Passive Sniffing If you are on a hub, a circumstances of traffic can potentially be affected.Hubs see all the traffic in that particular collision domain. Sniffing performed on a hub is known as inactive sniffing. Passive sniffing is performed when the user is on a hub. Because the user is on a hub, all traffic is sent to all ports. All the assailant must do is to start the sniffer and just wait for someone on the same collision domain to start sending or rece iving data. clashing domain is a logical area of the network in which one or more data packets can collide with each other. Passive sniffing worked well during the days that hubs were used.The problem is that there are few of these devices left. most(prenominal) modern networks use switches. That is where active sniffing comes in. Active Sniffing When sniffing is performed on a switched network, it is known as active sniffing. Active sniffing relies on injecting packets into the network that causes traffic. Active sniffing is inevitable to bypass the segmentation that switches provided. Switches maintain their own ARP cache in a special type of memory known as Content available Memory (CAM), keeping track of which host is connected to which port.Sniffers operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model. This means that they do not have to play by the same rules as applications and services that reside fate ahead up the stack. Sniffers can grab whatever they see on the wire and record it for later review. They allow the user to see all the data contained in the packet, even information that should remain hidden. The terms active and passive sniffing has also been used to describe radio network sniffing. They have identical meaning. Passive wireless sniffing involves sending no packets, and monitoring the packets send by the others.Active sniffing involves sending out multiple network probes to identify APs. How Does a sheaf Sniffer Work? A packet sniffer works by viewing every packet sent in the network. This includes packets not intended for itself. How does it do this? three types of sniffing methods are used. Methods whitethorn work in non-switched networks or in switched networks. These methods are IP-based sniffing I. P -based sniffing works by putting the network card into promiscuous mode and sniffing all packets matching the IP address filter and is the veritable type of packet sniffing.The IP address filtering isnt switched on so the sniffing program is able to capture all the packets. This method will only function in non-switched networks. MAC-based sniffing MAC-based sniffing works by putting the network card into promiscuous mode and sniffing all packets that match the MAC address filter. ARP-based sniffing - ARP-based sniffing doesnt put the network card into promiscuous mode because ARP packets are sent to its administrators. This is because the ARP protocol is stateless.This means that sniffing can be done on a switched network. Once a hacker has found possible networks to attack, one of their first tasks is to identify the target. Many organizations are nice enough to include their names or addresses in the network name. The Sniffer program works by inquire a computer, specifically its Network Interface Card (NIC), to stop ignoring all the traffic headed to other computers and pay attention to them. It does this by placing the NIC in a state known as promiscuous mode.Once a NIC is promiscuous mode, a instrument can see all the data transmitted on its segment. The program then begins to constantly read all information unveiling the PC through the network card. Data traveling along the network comes as frames, or packets, bursts of bits formatted to specific protocols. Because of this strict formatting, the sniffer peels away the layers of encapsulation and decodes the relevant information stored in the packet sent, including the identity of the source computer, that of the targeted computer, and every piece of information exchanged between the two computer.Even if the network administrator has configured his equipment in such a way as to hide information, there are tools available that can determine this information. Utilizing any well known network sniffing tools, an attacker can easily monitor the unencrypted networks. Modes On wired broadcast and wireless LANs, to capture traffic other thanunicasttraffic sent to the machine running the sniffer software,multicasttraffic sent to a multic ast group to which that machine is listening, andbroadcasttraffic, thenetwork translatorbeing used to apture the traffic must be put intopromiscuous mode some sniffers support this, others dont. On wireless LANs, even if the adapter is in promiscuous mode, packets not for theservice setfor which the adapter is configured will usually be ignored. To see those packets, the adapter must be inmonitor mode. Who Uses a Packet Sniffer? Packet sniffers are often used by ISPs as a diagnostic tool for their back-up systems, so it is in fact a well-utilized form of technology. Packet sniffing is also sometimes used to investigate the habits and actions of criminals, for example in the FBIs Carnivore System.As I am sure you will appreciate from the above, packet sniffers can be a useful, relatively harmless tool or a potentially dangerous invasion of privacy. Packet sniffers are a perfect example of how technology may be used to military service or to harm. USES The versatility of packet snif fers means they can be used to * dismember network problems * Detectnetwork intrusionattempts * Detect network aggrieve by internal and external users * Documenting regulatory compliance through put down all perimeter and endpoint traffic * Gain information for effecting a network intrusion * Isolate exploited systems * admonisher WAN bandwidth function Monitor network usage (including internal and external users and systems) * Monitor data-in-motion * Monitor WAN and endpoint security status * Gather and report network statistics * Filter suspect content from network traffic * Serve as primary data source for day-to-day network monitoring and way * Spy on other network users and collect sensitive information such as passwords (depending on any contentencryptionmethods which may be in use) * Reverse engineerproprietary protocolsused all over the network * Debug client/server communications * Debug network protocol implementations Verify adds, moves and changes * Verify intern al control system effectivity (firewalls, access control, Web filter, Spam filter, proxy) DEFENSE Detection Protection result Having looked at what they are, why they work and how they are used, it is easy to view sniffers as both dangerous threats and powerful tools. Every user should understand they are vulnerable to these types of attacks and their best defense lies in encryption. Administrators and professionals need to know that these programs are superb diagnostic utilities that can, unfortunately, be used with malicious intent on any network.

Nursing Home Abuse Essay

Approximately 1.4 meg judgment of conviction-honored people recline in long term condole with facilities, such as breast feeding interior(a)s. The families that admit their loved iodines to these long term pity facilities believe that nice compassionate is universe provided to them. many an(prenominal) of the occupiers in breast feeding blank space office settings contact adequate wellness c ar, that a numerous amount of some some other residents are subjected to jest at and neglect. It is believed that nearly one-third of all breast feeding berths stool residents that are subjected to insult either by provide or other residents (Masters in Health Care). Definitions of sr.ly ab habituate vary. It is difficult to pinpoint scarcely what actions or inactions constitute corrupt. Besides a variety of definitions, the major types of abuse that occur in nursing homes are categorised into physiological abuse, informal abuse, emotional or psychological abuse, n eglect, abandonment, fiscal or material exploitation. The answer to such nursing home abuse is rather simple. To keep the cruel treatment of the senior(a) in nursing homes, the nursing shortfall take to be addressed.The scandal of elder abuse in nursing homes appears to be new phenomena, but in reality this god forsaken crime has occurred for decades. callable to an elders carnal and cognitive make up, they are non able to defend themselves from the heinous acts of abuse by their safeguardgivers. Abuse in nursing homes is mainly thought of as somatic aggression, but the elderly are subjected to psychological abuse excessively. One would think that no small-arm or woman could commit abuse onto a helpless single provided the issue of elderly abuse in nursing homes has been a growing problem. In 2003, in that location were 20,673 complaints of abuse, gross neglect, and exploitation on behalf of nursing home and board and care residents (American Association for Justice) . By 2010 the number of elderly abuse complaints rose to a number between one million and deuce million (National amount of money on Elder Abuse).A hold prepared by the provide of the Special Investigations Division of the House governing body Reform Committee found that thirty part of nursing homes in the fall in States (5,283 facilities) were cited for al nigh nine-thousand instances of abuse over a youthful devil year period. The common problems of the believe included untreated bedsores, lacking(predicate) medical checkup care, malnutrition, dehydration, preventable accidents, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene. These common problems can be categorized into the major types of elder abuse in nursing homes. fleshly abuse, versed abuse, psychological abuse, neglect, abandonment, and financial exploitation are considered the major types of such abuse.Physical abuse is defined by the use of physical force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment . Physical abuse may include but is not limited to such acts of force as striking (with or without an object), hitting, beating, pushing, shoving, shaking, slapping, kicking, pinching, and burning. In addition, inappropriate use of drugs and physical restraints, force-feeding, and physical punishment of any kind also are ex plenteouss of physical abuse (National Center on Elder Abuse). Nearly sixteen-percent of nursing home abuse cases involve physical abuse (Brent & Adams). An article print by ABC news interviewed Helen Love, a 75 year-old grandmother of three that was a victim of nursing home abuse. Helen told ABC, He choked me and he went and broke my neck.He broke my wrist bones, in my apply. He put his hand over my mouth. Two days after the interview, Helen Love died. Nursing home authoriseds did not report her beating to a conjure official who was at the nursing home at the time. Ultimately, though, Loves attacker served a year in prison. An investigation revealed that h e had been fired by two previous nursing homes for aggressive behavior. A report by the Senate take in Committee on Aging found that many nursing home abuse cases are not immediately reported to law enforcement official (Robinson). In fact, a recent report indicated that one in xiv incidents of elder abuse where not reported to the authorities (American Association of Justice). horny or psychological abuse is defined as the infliction of anguish, pain, or distress through verbal or nonverbal acts. Emotional/psychological abuse includes but is not limited to verbal assaults, insults, threats, intimidation, humiliation, and harassment. In addition, treating an old person like an infant isolating an elderly person from his/her family, friends, or regular activities giving an older person the silent treatment and implement social isolation are examples of emotional/psychological abuse (National Center on Elder Abuse). Almost twenty percent of reported elder abuse cases involve emoti onal abuse (Brent & Adams). With emotional abuse world the most abundant, it is also the most difficult to define. Emotional abuse is strictly subjective which therefore is difficult to reprimand admits against these crimes. The other major crimes however are objective, and are more easy to identify, such as neglect. sink is defined as the refusal or also-ran to fulfill any disassemble of a persons obligations or duties to an elder. Neglect may also include disappointment of a person who has fiduciary responsibilities to provide care for an elder (e.g., pay for necessary home care services) or the failure on the part of an in-home service provider to provide necessary care (National Center on Elder Abuse). check to Brent & Adams, twelve percent of abuse cases involve caretaker neglect.Neglect typically means the refusal or failure to provide an elderly person with such life necessities as food, water, clothing, shelter, private hygiene, medicine, comfort, personal safety, an d other essentials included in an implied or agreed-upon responsibility to an elder (National Center on Elder Abuse). The Federal Bureau of Investigation published an article in May of 2012 about a case of nursing home neglect. The owner of three Georgia nursing homes, George Dayln Houser, was convicted in capital of Georgia of defrauding Medicare and Medicaid for $32.9 million dollars.To come across Medicare and Medicaid payments, Houser agreed to provide his residents with a safe and light physical environment, nutritional meals, medical care, and other assistance. Houser not only failed to mention a nursing module sufficient to take proper care of the residents but did not pay food suppliers or providers of pharmacy and clinical laboratory services, medical waste disposal, trash disposal, and nursing supplies (FBI). Neglect, alongside physical abuse, are the most detrimental to a residents health. Not only do caregivers subject their residents to the atrocious crimes of negl ect, but they also exploit them financially and materially. financial or material exploitation is defined as the illegal or improper use of an elders funds, property, or assets. Examples include, but are not limited to, cashing an elderly persons checks without authorization or permission forging an older persons signature misusing or stealing an older persons money or possessions coercing or deceiving an older person into signing any document and the improper use of conservatorship, guardianship, or power of attorney (National Center on Elder Abuse). In 2009, a Chicago nursing home worker faced financial exploitation and aggravated identification theft charges for allegedly stealing $4,008 from a Illinois nursing home. The criminal remained free on bail and was fired from the Illinois nursing home. Authorities acknowledge that the criminal had a previous criminal disapprobation for forgery (Nursing Home Blog).The major types of nursing home abuse accommodate a direct correlation to inadequate staveing levels. A recent statistic by the American Association for Justice, found that ninety-percent of United States nursing homes had staffing levels too junior-grade to provide sufficient care. Residents of those nursing homes falling be number 1 minimal staffing standards are much more likely to develop bedsores and experience excessive saddle loss than those in other nursing homes. This is because enough staff essential be available so that all residents who cannot eat by themselves receive help. Also, unless immobile elderly residents are repositioned frequently, they may develop bedsores. To add to the problem, understaffing contributes to low morale and frustration among employees, decreasing their ability to deal with residents uncomplainingly and respectfully.According to the American Association for Justice, a series of reports revealed that many nursing homes do not throw away enough staff to meet the levels recommended by national officials (3.45 n ursing time of days per patient daily) and nursing home experts (4.55 nursing hours per patient). Insufficient hours per patient hosts all sorts of potential problems for nursing care, the most problematic being neglect.Many nursing home residents get constant nursing attention to train that they do not develop medical problems. In many cases, residents need to be turned, moved, or given skin assessments to avoid developing drive ulcers or from forming deadly blood clots. John A. Fisher, Ph. D, said there hold been an alarming amount of recent cases in which New York nursing homes take hold been found liable for elder abuse after a resident died or was injured due to inadequate care. In every case, inadequate staffing was named as a contributing factor to the cause of the abuse. With inadequate staffing being the undeniable cause of nursing home abuse, how does the communicate nursing shortfall effect this issue?The projected nursing shortage in the United States is expected to intensify as baby boomers age and the need for health care grows. In the July/August 2009 Health Affairs, Dr. Peter Buerhaus and coauthors found that contempt the current easing of the nursing shortage due to the recession, the U.S. nursing shortage is projected to grow to 260,000 registered nurses by 2025. A shortage of this magnitude would be twice as large as any nursing shortage experienced in this country since the mid-1960s. In the article titled The new-fashioned Surge In Nurse Employment Causes And Implications, the researchers point to a quick aging workforce as a primary contributor to the projected shortage (American Association of Colleges of Nursing).In some instances today, nurses are forced to flow to 20 patients at a time, and that is at the lower part on the nurse- patient spectrum. Federal law removes Medicare and Medicaid certified nursing homes to have an registered nurse (RN) director of nursing (DON) an RN on duty at least 8 hours a day, 7 days a week a nd a licensed nurse (RN or LPN) on duty the rest of the time. However, there are no borderline staffing levels for nurses aides, who provide most of the day-to-day care. Instead, nursing homes are required to provide sufficient staff and services to attain or maintain the highest possible level of physical, mental, and psychosocial eudaemonia of individually resident. (Elder Law Answers) If a nursing home met only the federal official nurse staffing requirements described above, a resident would receive 20 legal proceeding of nurse time per day.In 2000, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported that the preferred lower limit staffing level was when nursing home residents received three hours of total staff time per day two hours of nursing assistant time and one hour of licensed nurse time. The optimum staffing level, according to the CMS, is one hour of licensed nurse time and three hours of nursing assistant time (Elder Law Answers).Most states have standar ds that are higher than the federal requirements, but still fall short of the levels recommended by the CMS. According to a recent study, the key to improving nursing home staffing levels is increasing state standards. The study by Charlene Harrington, a UCSF School of Nursing professor, found that states with the highest standards for nursing staff levels are the only states where nursing homes have enough staff to prevent serious safety violations. According to the study, the act of raising the state minimum staffing ratio has a direct impact on the quality of care nursing home residents receive. With such an impact that state and federal standards have on quality of care, how can the state enforce nursing homes to play along such mandates?According to an article published by nursing home reality endorsed by Aaron Delurey, the best way to ensure that residents are receiving an ample amount of care is for state officials to introduce these three procedures Have each state mandate an increase in the percentage of surprise inspections that moldiness take place outside of regular business hours on weekdays. Second, require management personnel to work staggered shits all the time, not just when the state is in their mental synthesis. Why require this change?When the management is out of the building the quality of care given often suffers. Third and foremost, when the state shows up for an any kind of inspection, the inspectors should immediately seize the payroll data to rely staffing levels for the 14 continuous days immediately prior to the inspection. The inspectors should also asseverate that while they are in the building that no additional staff can be called in. These procedures would ultimately address the nursing shortage, therefore depleting the abuse within nursing homes.