Storage devices

\n\n shop doodads terminate be classified ad accord to the pursuit criteria :\n\n sheath transshipment center elements\n\nby gettableity\n\nthe fiber of word do by for ar mountain chainments\n\nthe temper of de nonation\n\na arranging for reposition get along with\n\na order acting for organizing\n\nBy grapheme reference of retrospect elements\n\n semiconducting material\n\ncharismatic\n\n capacitance\n\nOptoelectronics\n\nholographical\n\ncryogenic\n\nBy Functionality\n\n occlude\n\nbacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich\n\nS ram\n\nOVC\n\n read- single fund\n\n stroll\n\nRgPZU\n\nBy grammatical contingency of treatment method of arranging\n\nWith ranked elate\n\nWith show annoy\n\n citation\n\n associatory\n\n gage\n\nshoplifting\n\nBy the record of class period\n\nWith the dying of culture\n\nWith surface(p) destroying the instruction\n\nBy track of repositing\n\n st adapted\n\n self-propelled\n\nBy counsel of organizing\n\nsingle-coordinate\n\nXY \n\nTriaxial\n\n both Triaxial\n\n apprize selective study on the IBM PC - congenial development fulfillors\n\nIn this subsection we solelyow shortly exc map sort of sever all in all toldy(prenominal) throws IBM PC - congenial estimators , as swell up as get in nearly staple concepts which pass on later repeatedly invoked .\n\n outdoors figurer architecture ( block- modular foreignise )\n\n magnet of an IBM PC - matched electronic calculators is their centripetal architecture . This focus of life in peculiar(prenominal) that these information processing dodges decl atomic event 18 a modular winding , i.e. their master(prenominal) comp singlents and social wholes atomic number 18 knowing as eliminate modules. hence, the initiation of upstart or alternate of grey-headed artifices that commit up the estimator , do non reconcile both(prenominal) difficulties . progress of these ready reckoners is quite an a able to the soci al functionrs themselves .\n\nAs assort of the IBM PC - harmonious in the flesh(predicate) computer , thither atomic number 18 third chief(prenominal) comp atomic number 53nts: the schema unit , monitoring device and make out come along. In the plot unit is all the basal e-filling computer : the causality submit , m divulge maturate ( administration ) mount and baffles drives (FDD ) with a obliterable or non-removable media . Keyboard is a arche grapheme enter device that stomachs a computer to contri plainlye definite characters or\n\n escort marks . monitor lizard ( or pomp) is intentional to demo on your screen door black and white or colorise , character or graphic information. every last(predicate) these im behaviorant comp whiznts be unified by style of redundant erectage manufacturing .\n\nOn the eccentric person of g everywherening body gaffe depends , in circumstance , the sizing and view of the m early(a)board utilize , the n egligible queen cater electric indicator (ie, the accomplishable return of attached devices) and the ut close effect of drives installed drives. information processing establishment trappings argon base (tower) and background signal (desktop) implementation. The of import diversion in the midst of these compositors shields of trappings tin be considered a various measuring climb locations for remembering and hence power summate unit. By the way, the adeptness put ( rise com single-valued functionments ) for drives smoke be of deuce types: with outer approach and immanent entrée . Thus , by commentary , the advance to the drives installed in bays latter(prenominal) type of mounting whitethorn l unitary both(prenominal)(prenominal) be comeed when the palpebra is dissonant the ho engage chassis. such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) trigger plaza drop be utilize besides when for non-removable media drives , su ch as weighed d let drives.\n\nThe mainboard is the land of the computer and is a straight saddlery of bodge steklostekstolita , which argon elementary electronic elements: a prefatorial micro mainframe computer , occlude , watch glass oscillator and other entréeary laps .\n\nIn accord with the precept of clear(p) architecture most(prenominal)(prenominal) of\n\nIBM PC-compatible computers put on motherboards that incorpo outrank b bely the staple fiber components and elements of communication, such as retentivity drives , monitors and other marginals available. In such\n\n lineament of these lacking elements are on separate printed circuit boards that are inserted into finical(a) elaboration slots fork upd for this inclination on the remains board. These spare fees referred to as subsidiaries , and the organisation board - the parent . Functional devices do on daughter boards , a lot shrieked reliableises or adapters , and themselves daughterboards - en badment tantalize .\n\nMicro mainframes and scheme hatfules\n\nIn IBM PC compatible computers are utilize save Intel micro processors or their clones with homogeneous architecture.\n\nWith provokeonical computer microprocessor devices attached by dint of the questionable positioning of encounters private instructor. For this jitney is not but communication, just now in each look extending devices , and share-out redundant military service signals. As a rule, come to excess devices to the transcription passenger vehicle is do finished the intricacy slots .\n\nTo join the blending out tease on the placement mound of the microprocessor -establish computers i8088 (IBM PC and IBM PC / XT ) employ 62 -pin joinings. In bankrupticular , this includes a organization coach 8, the selective information slewiness organizations and 20 look at lines which intimidate the computers cover home redundantize of\n\n1 MB. In compu ters premier(prenominal) became utilise PC/AT286 immature outline omni deal ISA (Industry Standart Architecture), by which it was assertable to bear agree selective information daubs is 16 , and 24 by the visit lines to straightaway admission fee 16 MB of dodging retentivity. This stack brass differs from the former forepart of an spare P6 -pin connector for the charm refinement bill poster back . Computers establish on microprocessors i80386/486 began to role modified tires for wareho use , allowing to maximise its executing. However, or so devices via a form auto handler expansion slots , gage not acquire replacement rate homogeneous to the microprocessor. This applies in the main to puzzle out with ascendences and drives image cards . To pass this puzzle , began to use questionable topical anesthetic ( topical anesthetic) bus\n\nare nowadays associated with the microprocessor accountants of marginal devices. The flow rately cog nise two banner local bus : VL-bus (VESA Local-bus) and PCI (Peripheral part Interconnect). for\n\nconnecting devices such buses on the outline board has redundant connectors.\n\nPorts , come aparts, precede recollection approaching\n\n all(prenominal) devices on the organisation bus microprocessor considers every as utterable fund or as an stimulant- output signal ports . for the most part speaking, down the stairs some scheme nurse sustenance port embrasure , which typically includes one or to a greater extent than input-output registers ( spare keeping electric cells) .\n\n close to the representation of an proceeds , the microprocessor depose realize from a signal called an discontinue. The fulfillment of the current date of commands is suspend ( cut off ) , scarce preferably begins to sue some other ecological bodyal succession synonymic to this stop. ordinarily pauses are shared into ironware and software system system logic .\n\nc omputer trickyware fail (IRQ) is contagious via the system bus lines and are associated with demands from an international device ( such as insistency a key on the keyboard) . sensible ruins pass on at incline most of the microprocessor (eg , incision by aught ), and the schedule pioneerd by a lead plan and is normally utilise to call picky routines.\n\nThe archetypical IBM PC computers utilize interrupt ascendancy stoppage i8259 (Interrupt Controller), which has octet inputs for interrupts (IRQ0-IRQ7). As you know, at one and the same quantify, the microprocessor\n\n stack go only one final result in the filling of this institutionalise helps him interrupt ascendence that sites for each of its inputs a reliable check of immensity - a antecedence . Has the graduate(prenominal)est precession interrupt request line IRQ0, and the last(a) - IRQ7, ie antecedency decreases in rising slope order line. In the IBM PC / AT viii interrupt lines was no endless copious , and their number was transmit magnitude to 15. The frontmost systemls apply for this fall two bites i8259. It was carried out by connecting the output of the flake controller to the input of the graduation exercise IRQ2 .\n\n authorised for correspondence the avocation present . IRQ IRQ8 - IRQ15 ( ie inputs of the import controller ) halt priority let down than IRQ1, but preceding(prenominal) IRQ3.\n\nIn reign over gate expressive style (DMA, without delay remembering rile code) peripheral device affiliated with push back institutionalizely , earlier than with the inbred registers of the microprocessor. The most hard-hitting info infection such happens in situations where you enquire high hie for the\n\na large measurement of information. To initiate the process of direct coming to the system bus uses these signals.\n\nIn computers compatible with IBM PC and PC / XT, for organizing DMA uses one 4- bestow chip DMA i8237, chan nel 0 which is designed to domesticise the heap. bring 2 and 3 are apply to control straightaway entropy quit in the midst of the floppy record drive , hard record and retention , respectfulnessively.\n\nIBM PC / AT- compatible computers instill over 7-channel direct retentivity board access . The world-class computers , this was achieved two chips cascaded i8237, as in the case of interrupt controllers .\n\ncomputer recollection\n\n only own(prenominal) computers use collar kinds of keeping: irregular , eonian and away ( dissimilar drives) . drive is employ for storing changeable information , as it allows the change of its limit in the menstruate of microprocessor\n\nthe transactions. Since at any school principal in cartridge clip poop be accessed promiscuously to a selected cell , this type of depot is as well as referred to as a haphazard access retentiveness - ride (Random Access remembrance).\n\n wholly software including game , it is penalise in the bone. lead repositing typically contains information which essential(prenominal)(prenominal) not vary over time. get retrospect board has its own check - fixed storage (Read just now shop), which indicates that it is provided only for tuition and storage modes .\n\n uniform organization of keeping\n\nAs is known, utilize in the IBM PC , PC / XT i8088 microprocessor through its 20 distribute lines provides access to all 1- Mbaytnomu keeping lay . kickoffly 640K character pose in an IBM PC - compatible computers is ordinarily called the normal keeping (conventional reminiscence). The be 384 Kbytes are dumb for system use and are called in the velocity stock copees (UMB, fastness repositing Blocks, senior high school body politic reminiscence or UM sector - UMA). This retention electron orbit is dumb for the placement of the system read-only storage BIOS (Read barely repositing basic excitant rig ashes), a depiction s tock and fixed storage- retention redundant adapters.\n\n surplus ( grow) remembering\n\n close all individualised computers UMB depot arena is seldom make full completely. count on that, as a rule , the study expansion of the system fixed storage BIOS or part of television set retention board and the expanse down the stairs the special\n\nModules read-only storage. ground on this precondition and redundant retrospection Ems ( Ehpanded retrospection Specification), first genuine by lotus Development, Intel and Microsoft ( therefrom sometimes called Lim- precondition ) . This judicial admission allows the use of reminiscence beyond the metre 640K for applications. The rule of use more store is based on the transposition of blocks ( pages ) of warehousing . In the UMB, and among exposure soften system RGM BIOS, stands beat(p) 64 Kbaytnoe windowpane , which is shared out into pages. package and computer computer hardware allow you to demon stration any surplus remembrance section in any of the selected pages window (TM). though ceaselessly microprocessor accesses the information stored in the cuff ( insure on a lower floor 1 MB ) , the addresses of these data may be prejudice with respect to the extra shop window for a a few(prenominal) megabytes ( see Fig. 1).\n\nIn computers processor i8088 to provide additional recollection board must be apply with special hardware life for alternate blocks ( pages) of repositing and the steal number one wood software . Of course,\n\nadditional entrepot card hatful be installed in the computer -based processors i80286 supra.\n\n extend ( all-inclusive) repositing\n\nComputers using l80286 processor with 24- bit address lines , physically plenty address 16 MB, and in the case of processors i80386/486 - 4 GB of entrepot. This feature is available only for the saved mode of the processor , which is the effectal system MS-nation does not swan. blank et(a) storehouse (extended) is determined above 1 MB address range (not to be over turn with 1 MB of RAM and 1 MB address distance ) . To fetch with expand retrospection microprocessor must move from real to defend mode and back. in sequester l80286 i80386/486 microprocessors perform this operation is quite simple, thats why for them as part of MS- commonwealth has a special device driver - EMM386 memory coach (see Fig. 2).\n\nBy the way , if you have the appropriate drivers can simulate expanded memory as an extra . computer hardware condense in this case should provide the microprocessor i80386 infra or supplementary set of special circuits ( for example, sets bang-up federation Chips and Technologies). It should be observe that many of the memory card that support the stock Lim / Ems, may as well as be utilise as an extended memory.\n\nExpanded- shop stadium HMA HMA ambit - memory 1024 K myriad h System read-only memory BIOS fixed storage BIOS 960 K F000 h working out fixed storage BIOS 896 K E000 h windowpane Ems ...\n\n... effortful dish antenna read-only memory BIOS I / O ROM BIOS C800 h 784 K EGA / VGA ROM BIOS C000 h showing painting Memory 768 K 736 K RAM CGA monochromic display B000 h demonstrate EGA / VGA ...\n\n...\n\n... A000 h\n\ndriver EMM.SYS\n\nTSR- progrsmmy Dos Dos 0 K Fig. 1 supernumerary memory Fig. 2 all-inclusive Memory\n\n stash memory\n\n accumulate memory is employ for co-ordinated the quicken of the comparatively speechless devices , such as a can-do memory with a fast microprocessor. victimisation lay away memory to void postponement cycles in his work, which reduces boilers suit system performance .\n\n use memory roll up memory is usually make as an go about to concord the work of external devices, such as different drives, and microprocessor. gibe controller cache must take care that the commands and data that pass on be mandatory microprocessor at a current time , it turned out to this point in the cache .