The Paradox of Revenge in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado Ess

The Paradox of Revenge in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado?The Cask of Amontillado? raises a disbelief pertaining to the multiple character of the self (Davidson 202) Can harmony of ones self be restored once primal impulses have been acted upon? This question proposes the fantasy of crime without core (Stepp 60). Edgar Allan Poe uses first soulfulness point of view, vivid symbolism and situational irony to show that because of mans inner self, revenge is ultimately not possible. Edward Davidson suggests that Montresor, the main character of the story, has the power of woful downward from his mind or intellectual being and into his brute or physical self and then return again to his intellectual being with his impart self being unimpaired (202). However, Poe tells this story from Montresor?s point of view. The use of first person narration provides the reader with insight into Montresors inner struggles. First person narration is Poes method of insuring the reader unders tands that Montresor is not successful at this harmony. The thoughts and feelings of Montresor lead the reader to conclude that he is not successful at revenge. Montresor says in state his story, You, who so well know the nature of my soul, give not suppose, however that I gave utterance to a threat (153). By communicating in this way, the question arises of who Montresor is actually speaking to, and why he is telling this story fifty years later. One can only conclude that it is for one of two reasons he is either bragging or finally giving confession. As he tells the story, it becomes obvious that he has not yet filled his need to win, and now a half of a century later, is still struggling with his conscience. As Gregory Jay s... ...onscious self is obsessed with an evil, the conscious must overcome it or a paradox will result in which both selves parish. Works CitedBarbour, Brian. Poe and Tradition. Bloom 63-81.Bloom, Harold. Interpretations The Tales of Poe. New York Chelsea House, 1987.Davidson, Edward H. Poe A Critical Study. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1980.Frieden, Ken. Poes Narrative Monologues. Bloom 135-48.Gargano, James. The Question of Poes Narrators. Regan 164-71.Jay, Gregory. Poe Writing and the Unconscious. Bloom 83-110.Poe, Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. literature for Composition. Sylvan Barnet, et al, eds. 4th ed. New York HarperCollins, 1996. 153-57.Regan, Robert. Poe A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1967.Stepp, Walter. The Ironic Double in Poes The Cask of Amontillado Bloom 55-62.

Compare at least four poems from the ones you have studied where a Essa

Compare at least four poems from the ones you have studied where astrong dislike for another person is shown. create verbally about My LastDuches a poem from Duffy, one form Armitage and another from the pre1914 poetry bank.My Last Duchess was written by Robert Browning and published in 1842.It is found on a real person. Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara (1537-1597),married fourteen year-old Lucrezia de Medici in 1158 when he wastwenty one. Three years later she was killed, possibly poisoned. TheDuke then arranged to link the daughter of the count of Tyrol. As wascustomary at the time, the marriage arrangements were arranged betweenthe Duke and a go between.My Last Duchess is a poem in which the appearing of the poem isdifferent from the reality. When read My Last Duchess appears to bea civilised conversation between the Duke and a Noble piece in which thetopic of conversation is brought about by the Dukes decision to showthe his very privileged guest a great masterpiece and to recounts omething of his previous wife. Beneath the surface, however, is aruthless report of ruthless power and the Dukes disapproval of thenatural and innocent behaviour of his nave wife, who apparently doesnot know the value of his great name.The poem has a very abrupt beginning and appears to be one half of aconversation. Browning opens with the Duke explaining why he has namedthe painter, and that the painting is kept behind a curtain which healone is permitted to draw back. And when he does this it seems asthough the viewer is keen to ask why only the Duke is allowed to drawthe curtain, but is too frightened to ask. We likewise note he is not beenthe first to question this action. We learn that the Duke is verypar... ...from Book of Matches.Like The laboratory & my last Duchess, Hitcher is a dramatic monologuein which a man confesses to murder. We notice that he is like, yetunlike, his victim. Briefly the man in the poem has been taking timeoff work feigning unsoundness and not ans wering the phone.As this man drives out of Leeds he picks up a hitchhiker who istravelling light and has no set destination. Some little fashion later heattacks he attacks his passenger, and throws him out of thestill-moving car. The last he sees of the hiker, he is bouncing offthe kerb, and then disappearing down the verge we do not if he isdead or just badly injured. The driver does not care.Unlike My last Duchess & the Laboratory the man in Hitcher does notknow the man that he has killed. He does not even have a real motivefor killing like the Characters in the other poems do.

Edmund Burke and Thomas Paines Views on the French Revolution Essay

Edmund polish off and Thomas Paines Views on the French RevolutionEdmund Burke and Thomas Paine were both of the several strongly-opinionated individuals writing back-and-forth in response to what the others were saying about the French Revolution. Burke, a critic, writes first. Paine, a supporter, responds. In the excerpt from Reflections on the Revolution in France, Burke argues in favor of King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette. When Marie was murdered, Burke says, As a man, it became him to feel for his wife and his children, and the faithful guards of his person, that were massacred in cold blood about him as a prince, it became him to feel for the strange and frightful transformation of his civilized subjects, and to be more grieved for them, than solicitous for himself. It derogates little from his fortitude, while it adds infinitely to the honor of his humanity. Burke as well argues against the rising ignorance among the people. He emphasizes the importa nce of education and the keeping of tradition. He says the age of chivalry is gone, and if this...

The Rastafarian Belief System Essay -- essays research papers

The reticular activating dodgetafarian Belief systemThe belief system of the Rastafarians is that Haile Selassie is the living God for the black race. Selassie, whose previous name was Ras Tafari, was the black Emperor of Ethiopia. Rastafarians live a peaceful life, needing little material possessions and devote much time to contemplating the scriptures. They reject the white mans world, as the new grow Babylon of greed and dishonesty. Proud and confident "Rastas" even though they are humble will stand up for their rights. Rastas let their hair grow naturally into dreadlocks, in the image of the lion of Judah. The total following is believed to be over a million worldwide. Also the belief system of Rastafarianism is somewhat based on sestet fundamental principles. These included Hatred for the white race, the complete superiority of the black race, Revenge on whites for their wickedness, the negation, persecution, and humiliation of the government and legal bodies of Jama ica, Preparation to go patronise to Africa and Acknowledging Emperor Haile Selassie as the Supreme Being and only ruler of black people.However there are several other key concepts to belief system of Rastafarianism. These include Babylon, I and I, Jah, Colours, Ganja, Lion, Diet and Dreadlocks.Babylon is the Rastafarian term for the white political power structure that has been holding the black race down for centuries. Through the past, Rastafarian people claim that blacks were held down physically by the shackles of slave...

Failure in the American Dream in the Great Gatsby by F. Scoot Fitzgeral

The American Dream as shown in The Great Gatsby has been proven by F. Scott Fitzgerald to be an unattainable belief in the Pursuit of Happiness through the fault of morality. Typically, happiness is being content with ones standing in life regarding wealth, family, love, class, and friendship. Throughout the 1920s, the chasten in morality had shaped the intake into a materialistic goal by accumulating wealth, love, social class, friendship and power. The novel never mentions a specific dream or goal that was to be obtained, only the idea. Bewley has stated, In Gatsbys America, the dream is undefined to itself. (Bewley 12). The American Dream is not something that is merely obtained. It is much like a destination the journey is what makes the dream come to life. Focal characters such as Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom, each go through a journey to look what happiness is and how their morality ultimately failed them in the end. Each character wants what they cannot have. Although the charac ters are thought to have no morals at all, it is the morals they have that lead them to understand they cannot be happy with themselves.Gatsbys theory of happiness was based on the idea of wealth, love, and power. Residing on the West clod, home to the new rich his intentions were questionable. Without fully disclosing where his money came from, more or less assumed Gatsby earned his wealth from the Prohibition. Something money could not buy was power. Although those who lived in the West Egg were extremely wealthy, they did not hold the power that those from the East Egg held. Power came from old wealth, money brought down from generation. Having already obtained wealth, the only thing he regarded was power and love. To obtain power, he needed somet... ...times they feel they need to be set aside to achieve what they were setting out for. Daisy, Gatsby, and Tom had all interloped within someones life - a place where they had to business being. Gatsby failed to understand that he couldnt make Daisy fall in love with him. Even if she did, he would not have had the power he was looking for anyways Daisy would. Although Daisy appeared to be the foolish character, she knew what she had do wrong and used her feelings as a way to hide how she really felt. Tom failed to achieve happiness because he felt as if he constantly needed something more to grasp on to. Without the journey each character took, none of them would have realized what made them into who they were, even if they didnt completely understand it themselves. Happiness was to be content, and in a time of endless possibilities, the impossible has been found.

Failure in the American Dream in the Great Gatsby by F. Scoot Fitzgeral

The American Dream as shown in The Great Gatsby has been proven by F. Scott Fitzgerald to be an unattainable belief in the Pursuit of Happiness through the fault of morality. Typically, gaiety is being content with ones standing in life regarding wealth, family, love, class, and friendship. passim the 1920s, the decline in morality had shaped the dream into a materialistic goal by accumulating wealth, love, social class, friendship and power. The novel never mentions a precise dream or goal that was to be obtained, only the idea. Bewley has stated, In Gatsbys America, the dream is undefined to itself. (Bewley 12). The American Dream is not something that is merely obtained. It is much desire a destination the journey is what makes the dream come to life. Focal characters such as Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom, each go through a journey to sympathize what happiness is and how their morality ultimately failed them in the end. Each character wants what they cannot have. Although the charac ters are thought to have no morals at all, it is the morals they have that lead them to go through they cannot be happy with themselves.Gatsbys theory of happiness was based on the idea of wealth, love, and power. Residing on the West Egg, home to the new rich his intentions were questionable. Without fully disclosing where his money came from, most assumed Gatsby earned his wealth from the Prohibition. Something money could not buy was power. Although those who lived in the West Egg were extremely wealthy, they did not hold the power that those from the eastern hemisphere Egg held. Power came from old wealth, money brought down from generation. Having already obtained wealth, the only thing he needed was power and love. To obtain power, he needed somet... ...times they aroma they need to be set aside to achieve what they were setting out for. Daisy, Gatsby, and Tom had all interloped within someones life - a place where they had to business being. Gatsby failed to understand t hat he couldnt make Daisy fall in love with him. Even if she did, he would not have had the power he was looking for anyways Daisy would. Although Daisy appeared to be the fond character, she knew what she had done wrong and used her feelings as a way to hide how she really felt. Tom failed to achieve happiness because he felt as if he always needed something more to grasp on to. Without the journey each character took, none of them would have realized what made them into who they were, even if they didnt totally understand it themselves. Happiness was to be content, and in a time of endless possibilities, the impossible has been found.

Health Campaign

health Campaign- Part One HCS 535 July 23, 2012 Dr. Beth Hale Health Campaign- Part One Obesity is a chronic condition that has grown in pestilent proportions over the age. Obesity is assignd as the body weight which is excessive than expected in sizable individuals and posely in the coupled States, obesity has break down of the gr feedest public health challenges. It is reported that 2. 8 million adults will die in the world because of obesity (World Health Organization, 2012).This paper will present obesity and the initiative of florid People 2020 to combat this health issue. It will present the federal, state, and local agencies tasked with addressing and managing this issue. It will present models used to square and analyze obesity, define the community and targeted worlds and describe the epidemiologic surveillance systems used for monitoring obesity. It will present epidemiology tools, such(prenominal) as risk of exposure assessment and trends in affection and h ealth to analyze obesity. Obesity in AmericaIn the United States obesity rates have escalated to higher levels than ever seen before. At this time unitary-third of all adults in the United States are classified as obese (Center of infirmity Control and Prevention, 2012). The home(a) identified health objectives genuine by the federal government is Healthy People. These initiatives began in 2000 and were updated in 2010 and 2020. Healthy People 2000 were developed in 1990 by the Department of human beings and Health operate as a strategy to improve the health of Americans (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2009).The first two priority areas identified were physical fitness and nutrition. The Healthy People objectives were rereleased in 2010 with additional priority objectives. The goals of this objectives was similar to the one in 2000 but truly focusing on reducing health disparities and to increase the quality and years of healthy life (Center of Disease Control and P revention, 2011). This national program was updated again to reflect the next decade called Healthy People 2020 and to promote avoiding preventable disease as the focus.According to Department of piece and Health Services (2010), Healthy People 2020 is the product of an extensive stakeholder feedback process that is unparalleled in government and health. It integrates input from public health and prevention experts, a wide hunt down of federal, state and local government officials, a consortium of more than 2,000 organizations, and perhaps most importantly, the public (para. 7). Healthy People 2020 are a federally developed project to improve the health of all Americans. at that place were many lead federal agencies involved in the development of the framework of Healthy People 2020.These agencies commute from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Agency of Health vex Research and Quality, Food and Drug Administration, and National Institute of Health, to name a few. The se agencies worked together with the Department of sympathetic and Health Services to develop the national program of Healthy People 2020. They withal sought out public support and comments to ensure they have the views and had met the call for of the public. The Department of merciful and Health Services have state level departments who address and manage the issue of obesity at that level.They promote and meet the objectives of Healthy People 2020 and according to Department of Human and Health Services (2012), The Healthy People State and Territorial Coordinators make Healthy People happen each single day across the United States. Each state and territory has a Healthy People Coordinator who serves as a liaison with the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). These coordinators ensure that the development of a state or territorial plan is in line with Healthy People goals and objectives (p. 2). There are many local agencies and schools who have registered to be part of the Healthy People program.Determinants of Health What makes an individual unhealthy or obese is a incredulity often asked. When reviewing models and systems to determine or analyze obesity there is an opportunity to review the determinants of health. According to Department of Human and Health Services (2012), The ranges of personal, loving, economic, and surroundingsal factors that make for health status are known as determinants of health (p. 2). There are many determinants of health such as policymaking, social, physical, individual behavior, and genetics.These determinants of health all told work to determine ones individual and population health (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012). Policy making is policies at the local, State, and Federal level proceed individual and population health (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012, p. 2). This can deter and improve obesity by taxing unhealthy foods or providing tax cuts for those who eat health ier. A social determinant of health looks at social factors in the environment that impacts the individuals health (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012).An individual social norm may be to eat out at restaurants with friends instead of cooking at home or not able to afford healthy groceries. Physical determinants of health are captured by looking at physical barriers to eating healthy or exercising. An individual may not be living in a safe environment to exercise or go for walks. Individual behaviors allow diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption or drug use (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012). These directly affect ones individual health outcomes and play a huge role in obesity.Genetic social determinant of health affects some more than others examples include family history of disease, age, sex, and inherited conditions (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012). Obesity is generally seen in families and not only affects the individual but also the children as well. Living a sedentary lifestyle is generally passed down in families. Data Systems There are many information components captured to determine and analyze obesity through selective information and vital statistics and disease registries. There are many data indicators to measure the objectives and to determine the priority objectives.The Healthy People relies on data sources to jumper cable progress, such as National Vital Statistics System and National Health Interview Survey. The National Vital Statistics Systems (NVSS) is the oldest and most successful example of inter-governmental data sharing in Public Health and the shared relationships, standards, and procedures form the mechanism by which National Centre for Health Statistics collects and disseminates the Nations official vital statistics (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, p. 1). Birth, deaths, marriages and divorce is sedate through the NVSS.The National Health Interview Survey is a tool use d by the United States Census Bureau to collect information to track health status, health veneration gravel, and progress toward achieving national health objectives (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The data is collected by personal interviews with American households. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) have provided a continuous monitoring of prevalence and incidence of obesity in a nationally representative strain of individuals (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, p. 3).Disease registries are collected by private agencies, such as National Institute of Health to collect data on chronic illnesses such as obesity. numerous organizations will track body mass index on their employees for the wellness screenings. There are many resources available to determine and analyze obesity and are available on the Internet to review. Healthy People 2020 Nutrition and Weight Status The Healthy People 2020 objective to abase obesity i n the United States reflects strong science supporting the health benefits of eating a healthful diet and maintaining a healthy body weight.The objectives also emphasize that efforts to change diet and weight should address individual behaviors, as well as the policies and environments that support these behaviors in settings such as schools, worksites, health care organizations, and communities( (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012, p. 2). The community addressed includes the general population of the United States. The data shows that obesity is found in 34% of the American population (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012).Obesity is more prominent in 20-year or over with disabilities, 25 years or over with some college or associate degree, publicly ascertain 65 years of age, 20 years or over who are divorced or separated, and more seen in the age range of 45-64 years (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012). It appears females have a higher rate of obe sity than males, black or African American individuals have the highest rate of obesity and with Hispanics not farthest behind.Americans who have a chronic condition generally have a higher rate of obesity than Americans without chronic disease, such as high billet pressure, diabetes, and arthritis (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012). Individuals born in the United States have a higher incidence of obesity than individuals born in another country (Department of Human and Health Services, 2012). Surveillance Systems The epidemiology surveillance systems used to monitor obesity is done by tracking an individuals body mass index, skinfold measurements, body circumference, and point and weight.The body mass index takes the height and weight and compares to other like genders and references. There are many epidemiology tools within health care to address obesity. Many individuals track their dietary intake such as myfitnesspal. com. Assessments such as increase in blood pr essure are an indicator of a risk for obesity if there has been an increase in weight gain. Wellness screenings offered in health care organization is another tool to address obesity, it allows the population to access health care professionals on topics such as diet, diabetes, have their body mass index taken.There is a huge trend to be physical alert and eat healthy foods with Michelle Obama partnering with A Healthier America and promoting healthy lifestyles and eating. Conclusion Obesity in America has grown in epidemic proportions over the years and presently one-third of the country is classified as obese. Obesity leads to many other diseases and chronic conditions that will be very costly to the health care system. The federal, state, and local agencies are working diligently to promote Healthy People and provide tools to the public to fight obesity.Individuals need to start exercising, eating healthy, and develop healthy lifestyles to live a longer healthier life. Reference s Center of Disease Control and Prevention. (2009, Fall). Healthy people 2000. Retrieved from http//www. cdc. gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2000. htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, Spring). Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved from http//www. cdc. gov/obesity/data/adult. html/ Center of Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). The National Vital Statistics System. Retrieved from http//www. dc. gov/nchs/nvss. htm Department of Human and Health Services. (2010). HHS announces the nations new health promotion and disease prevention agenda. Retrieved from http//www. healthypeople. gov/2020/about/DefaultPressRelease. pdf Department of Human and Health Services. (2012). HealthyPeople. Gov. Retrieved from http//www. healthypeople. gov/2020/default. aspx World Health Organization. (2012). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from http//www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index. html

The Star Spangled Banner

English 101 November 21, 2012 The Star Spangled Banner The Star Spangled Banner is a in truth business leaderful and moving song that not only defines our country as a free and independent nation, but it also presents us with the struggles we went through to blend who we are. The Star Spangled Banner originated as the poem Defense of fastness McHenry in 1814 by Frances Scott Key. The national anthem was not written during the American Revolution, perverse to popular belief. It was, in fact, written in the War of 1812. Although the poem has four unique stanzas, we normally only recognize the first one, and sometimes the second stanza as well.Our anthem, regardless of its patriotic values, is a great example of rich English literature that symbolizes our people even after 200 years. But, in reality, the song has a wide variety of meanings and interpretations deeply embedded in the historical significance it represents. The first bend of the song reads, O say can you see by the co ckcrows early light? What so proudly we hailed at the twilights last shine? Translated in to todays modern language, this means, hey there, can you see by morning what was there before the sun set yesterday evening? Frances Scott Key introduces the topic of this song by grabbing the lecturers attention. This first line of the song makes readers wonder what Key is referring to, making them want to read the poem on further. When Key mentions the pass overs early light he is referring to an early morning a new day and a new beginning. The twilights last gleaming suggests a in truth special time of day right before the sun is setting and there is a tiny streak of light that appears in the sky. These two verses aim a lot of symbolism.Once again, we must use the historical context of this poem to make meaning of the lyrics. The War of 1812 was a war fought by the British and Americans. Key was on a British ship when he wrote this poem, negotiating with the officers to release some of the American hostages. He was watching the battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore. The battle took place in the late evening, when the American move over was still up and flying. In these lines, Key is asking himself, Will the bowling pin still be up tomorrow morning? The twilights last gleaming could represent hope.Key still has faith and trust in his country. Even in the thick of a bloodthirsty battle, Key hoped that he would see the American pivot the next morning. He hoped he would see a sign of perseverance and forte instead of weak downfall. He wanted his country to reign through the peril it oversaw. If the American flag was still not up by the dawns early light, it would signify defeat the British. The second two lines of the Star Spangled Banner places emphasis on the American flag. Today, our flag is commonly referred to as the stars and stripes.Key noticed these two distinct features and decided to define the American flag by the stars and stripes. Hi falsehood has it that there were two flags that were flown over Fort McHenry, one of them being a storm flag. This was the flag that was flown during the rainy day and the perilous night and the flag that was described in the first dowery of The Star Spangled Banner. This line reflects the determination of the American army. The flag is a key symbol of our nation. Key cleverly used this patriotic symbol to show how persistent our soldiers were they kept fighting through the sanguine fighting of the night.When Key woke up by morning, a new flag was hoisted up, apart from the storm flag that he saw the previous night. Fort McHenry was proudly flying its much larger garrison flag. This flag measured 30 ft. by 42 ft. , larger than a modern day school bus. Key believed this was the same flag that was flown the previous night, when the British had attacked. Regardless of whether it was the storm flag or not, the position of the American flag flying over the fort after a gory battle gave hope and conf idence to its citizens.It once again stated the power of America as a powerful independent nation. The flag indirectly told the world to never underestimate the potential of America. The third line of the poem is very awkwardly phrased and positioned, once again reflecting the time period Key wrote the poem. Oer the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming is referring to the previous line. Ramparts are protective walls. In this context, Key is referring to the walls of Fort McHenry. He very cleverly uses the word ramparts to describe the walls.The ramparts were built in 1776 to protect the city of Baltimore in case the British essay to attack through the Chesapeake Bay. After the War of 1812 was brought to attention, a local committee raised over $400,000 to strengthen the walls to protect the citizens in case of an unexpected British attack. The word rampart suggests that the citizens were able to watch the battle with a sense of security as the soldiers risked their live s for their country. It solidifies the expression of sacrifice. Over the whole scene, Key once again mentions the American flag gallantly streaming.This gives the notion that this concept of sacrifice is very much American. It is an American soldiers duty to lay his flavor down for his country. The next few lines start to intensely invoke emotions from the reader And the rockets red glare, the bombs bursting in air, gave proof through the night that our flag was still there During the battle of Fort McHenry, the British had more than 15 battle ships, apiece armed with heavy artillery and one armed with a rocket launcher. Through the night, as the rockets were fired in to the air, they illuminated the sky with a bloody red glow.That red glow showed the British where the American flag was so they would know where to aim. But, here comes the notion of full that comes out of evil. While the British threw the bombs in the air to destroy the flag, they ended up illuminating the flag, cock-a-hoop hope to all the patriotic soldiers to keep fighting. The motive of the British was to destroy the American flag, according to the poem by Frances Scott Key. The American flag was the symbol of America. It was the identicalness of the United States of America, because it represented the journey of America.The alternating 13 red and white stripes showed represented the moments of bloodshed and light in America. The fifty stars represent each of the strong independent states. By placing the stars in the same box, it shows unity among the various states. By destroying the flag, the British are stripping away the identity of the Americans. The final line of the first stanza summarizes the whole message of the song Oh, say that Star Spangled Banner yet wave? Oer the pull down of the free and the root word of the brave This line clearly states that the flag of the United States represents liberty and independence for all.As long as the flag shall wave, it will mark America as the land of the free and the home of the brave. Throughout the song, Key expresses a hero journey a journey through hell and back in to the light. This is the story of Fort McHenry. The Americans were plunged in to a world of blood and gore. But the outcome of the battle was very significant. The American flag became a physical representation of good over evil. It was the marking of the victory of America, once again. The battle was a memory of the importance of our Star- Spangled Banner.

An analysis of british rock culture and its impact on popular culture Essay

Since its genesis in the early 1960s, British Rock n mold has been one of the most influential proceedings of contemporary music worldwide. Britain has successfully introduced somewhat of the most significant quaver musicians to ever grace the stage worldwide. Included in this group are bands want The Who, Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Oasis, and countless others. I chose to analyze British rock culture, not solely because of its importance in foothold of musicality, but because of its profound impact on popular culture.Contemporary British rock began developing in the 1960s and early 1970s with the inception of bands like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Led Zeppelin. It derived from the skiffle and blues music of the 1950s, yet the forthcoming British artists sought to recreate the upbeat music according to their own interpretations (Perone 19). British rock culture has yielded many sub-genres of rock n roll including Progressive Rock, Glam Rock, Alternat ive, and Heavy Metal. As the movement has expanded throughout the decades, lyrics lose become to a greater extent than obscure and have become increasingly rooted in the conveyance of sociopolitical and sexual themes (Miles 1).The geographic origins of contemporary British rock culture are mainly hulking urban areas in the southern half of England including Liverpool, Manchester, and London (Kallen 20). These urban locations teemed with showcase opportunities at clubs and concert halls for many of the local bands. Over three hundred bands in the 1960s made their debut in these smaller venues that the large cities had to offer. After increasing in popularity, bands like The Rolling Stones and The Beatles made a transition to the States in what was coined as the British Invasion. The British Invasion came in different waves, continually promoting the spic-and-span styles and sounds coming out of Britain during the second half of the twentieth century. This movement influenced the form of artistic migration that has continued to mean solar day within the realm of pop music with bands like One Direction.The British Invasion of the 1960s flourished due to the British domination of American radio stations and record industry. The vibrant fashion trends and mop-top hairstyles took the unexampled American public by storm. In terms of demographics, the attractive members of the new Britain rock culture were extremely appealing to their American counterparts. Their enticing English accents were familiar enough to understand, yet foreign enough to be alluring and admired. They were young enough to be relatable and helped to create the link amidst music and teenage identity that continues to proliferate today.It is important to analyze the psychographics of band members associated with the British rock flick as it allows for us to better determine and understand the attitudes and opinions reflected by their lifestyle choices. While many British musicians during th is time were brought up in the Christian church, in many cases they eventually began to reject religious teachings and organizations. George Harrison, for example, abandoned Western thought entirely and began to embrace Eastern ideologies during his spiritual walk with Hinduism while in India (Stark 117). gutter Lennon and Ringo Starr began to identify as be an agnostic or atheist, while Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher has stated that his beliefs continually oscillate and that he is too concerned with the present day to be worried about the afterlife (Liam and Noel Gallagher 2). Rumors concerning satanic behavior and devilish subliminal messaging have continued to be associated with British rock stars opponents to the messages that British musicians advocate are adamant in stating that playing songs like The Beatles Revolution 9 backward wield satanic sayings and chants. This is enough for some people to securely believe that the musicians producing these songs do worship Satan as their god.In terms of family life and relationships, short-lived marriages and divorce have been popular amongst those in the rock scene. The pressures of being a celebrity living a high profile and publically wildlife strained marital relationships and led to many of the musicians having multiple spouses throughout their lifetime. Adultery is prevalent Mick Jaggers first wife has stated in an interview that her marriage ended on their wedding day because of this. Sexual liberation was a prominent theme that was grounded in the British rock scene and encouraged the normalization of premarital sex and, eventually, homosexuality.Bands during the creation of the British rock movement were oft considered accurate representations of the counterculture movement of the 1960s due to their youthful, rebellious behaviors and creativity. This trend continued with members of The Beatles, The Kinks, and The Rolling Stones. Drug use began to run rampant in the artists lives as LSD, heroin, and cocaine became popular choices for artists with an experimental mindset. The common interest in recreational drugs was an attempt to explore consciousness and find inspiration for new sounds and styles to share with the eager public. The protracted drug use inspired a branch of British rock called psychedelic rock, introducing the Grateful Dead and The Doors to the world stage (Kallen 253). The Beatles famously became known for their bouts with LSD. Overall, the straightforward use of drugs in songwriting encouraged the young public to experiment themselves as they embraced the alternative lifestyle that their stars exemplified.The fame and exposure of British musicians have often led to rattling risqu behavior, commonly leading to alcoholism, drug addiction, and young deaths. The stars are most often characterized as living freely, and doing whatever it is they enthral, no matter how frowned upon their actions are. Many urban legends have surfaced regarding the wild antics of Br itish musicians, including stories about bizarre sexual encounters and the destruction of both public and private properties. It is plausible to say that many musicians associated with this culture focus on primarily living in the moment. The profitable success of record sales in conjunction with their celebrity titles provides the musicians with the funds to do virtually whatever they please with their time and their money. Drugs, therefore, become easily accessible and affordable. Drug addiction is very common in the lives of these artists and has sadly claimed many of their lives at young ages. Jim Morrison of The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, and Keith Moon of The Who is among those whose trustingness on recreational drugs like heroin, unfortunately, claimed their lives. They were all under thirty-two years of age (The Dead Rockstars Club 27).The impact that the British rock scene has had on popular culture throughout the world is undeniable. The British rock culture has become so impor tant in England that some of its stars have been awarded, and in some special cases, knighted by the Queen of England for their contributions to music. The list of those who have been knighted includes Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones and Paul McCartney of The Beatles (Kallen 246). The worldwide influence of British rock culture is even more impressive as it has become a reflection of societal changes and themes as time and the development of sub-genres have progressed. In terms of musicality, it increased the distinction between what was considered noise and what was considered carefully constructed music instruments are now seen as crucial to a song or bands success. In even more important terms, it has been a form of democratic mass media that has broadcasted messages of free speech, sexuality, and even anti-war disillusionment. British rock n roll has influenced people beyond Britains world of political and economic influence through its ties to the worlds youth. Overall, Brit ish rock culture will continue to expand its horizons and be influential in the lives of the masses due to the band members who are willing to share their opinions and creativity through their artistic medium.Works CitedThe 1960s British Music Invasion.The Official 60s Site-British Music Invasion. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.The Beatles and the British Invasion.The Beatles and the British Invasion. Jerry Fielden, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.The Dead Rock Stars Club The 1970s.The Dead Rock Stars Club The 1970s. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.Kallen, Stuart A., and Bob Italia. renascence of Rock The British Invasion. Bloomington, MN Abdo & Daughters, 1989. Print.Liam and Noel Gallagher.Www.atheistalliance.org. Atheist Musicians, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.Miles, Barry. Spirit of the Underground The 60s Rebel.The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 31 Jan. 2011. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.Perone, James E.Mods, Rockers, and the Music of the British Invasion. Westport, CT Praeger, 2009. Print.Stark, Steve n D.Meet the Beatles A Cultural History of the Band That Shook Youth, Gender, and the World. New York HarperEntertainment, 2005. Print.

Narratives in Conversation

Narratives in Conversation By Agatha Xaris Villa INTRODUCTION This essay focuses on the study of the floor most plethoric in eeryday conversations the conversational narrative. First, it discusses a definition of the narrative from a structural level based on the mental synthesis of conversational narrative presented by William Labov (1972). Next, it enumerates some of the historic functions which the narrative is able to achieve both on a personal level and also on the interpersonal. Lastly, it ventures to explore the nonion of the narrative based on its context language and society, culture.NARRATIVES A STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE In the 1960s and 1970s, William Labov developed what is now commonly believed to be the general structure of a narrative. His research involved a focus on spontaneous recounting of experience and the capturing of vernacular, unmonitored speech. He interviewed African American youths in South Harlem and asked them whether they had ever encountered a lif e-endangering experience. He found that the stories which ensued from these interviews reduced the effects of observation to a minimum (Labov, 2001) and referred to them as oral narratives of personal experience.Through his study, Labov noted some very important structural characteristics of oral narratives. First, he ob lotd that the events featured in narratives often appeared in the order in which they actually happened. According to his definition, the narrative was a air of retelling (i. e. narrating) the execute sequence of an event that had already happened. Therefore, parts of conversation considered to be narrative was limited to the discursive data contri furthering to the recounting of the turn of events.All some other parts which were not directly related to the story served the purpose of backing up the story. He claimed that these oral narratives usually had a basic structure collected of any of the following six basic parts (1) Abstract, (2) Orientation, (3) Compl icating action, (4) Evaluation, (5) Resolution and (6) Coda. Using a duplicate of Sample Stories Stories about mothers (CD-ROM 1, Band 6)(Appendix 1. 1), we may illustrate these elements as they occur in actual oral narratives. The data presented has two speakers a female interviewer (A) and a male interviewee (B).The transcript also features two accounts the first is with regards to (B)s early memories of his mother who was training as an educational psychologist and the second of which occurred some sequence during his adolescence. By definition, an abstract is a synopsis of what the story is about. Looking at the transcript of Stories about mothers, it is useful to note that the first story offered by (B) seems to lack an abstract. This, however, is understandable as his story was elicited by (A)s question regarding puerility memories of his mother. Therefore, the interviewer provided the abstract prior to the beginning of the narrative.In the second story, the abstract is l ocated in line 21-22 wherein (B) cites when his mother was most sympathetic to him during his adolescent rebellion stage. Typically, the penchant appears first in the narration and begins by citing the basic details of the story that is, the who, the what, where and what were they doing of the narrative. In our transcript we can detect the beginning of an orientation in lines 5-10 in which (B) recounts when his mother had begun studying educational psychology and some of the tests she carried out on him and his brother.The complicating action effectively answers the question then, what happened? An example may be found in line 11 where (B) said recalls his mothers reaction to a slightly alarming result of an inkblot test. The complicating action is the only element which Labov believed to be a pre-requisite to a narrative. On the other hand, paygrade is the only element which does not necessarily happen in sequential order in a story. It may occur in any part of the story, most noticeably at the storys climax and answers the question so what? .It may come in the trunk of external evaluation (narrator steps in to give an evaluation)(e. g. line 10 referring to the intelligence tests as actually fine) or internal evaluation such as intensifiers (which emphasize on aspects of a story)(e. g. she took it very, very seriously. ), paralinguistic features (e. g. the use of sound effects, facial expressions and gestures) and the winning on of other throngs voices (Bakhtin, 1981). Evaluation is important to the narrative as it is a way for narrators to emphasize important parts of the story by drawing the attention of his listeners by adding more information.An obvious paralinguistic feature which we can deduce from the transcript was (B)s use of tone and pause. At about line 11, he starts using a alternatively loud and fast-paced voice barely the dynamic changes in line 13 before (B) voices out his mother saying Oh I see followed by a pregnant pause for dram atic effect. It may be argued that tone and the pauses were used evaluatively and therefore is a very good example of how people are able to use language creatively even in everyday conversation. In a narrative, the resolution is what we refer to as the concluding action what last-placely happened.For example, in conclusion to the memory of the slight scare regarding the inkblot test, we are told that (B)s mother reassures him that he neednt worry because she was just learning (line 15-16). The final element, the Coda, tells us how the story is relevant to the storyteller or his audience in the present time. A potential coda may be found in line 18 where (B) jokes that he now thinks that the results of his mothers tests were right. The Labovian categories regarding the narrative structure has been criticized for constricting what can be considered a story but continues to have significant impact on narrative study even today.It persists to be a useful procedure in narrative analys is by providing a succinct set of categories for defining stories. Furthermore, while it emphasizes on the flow kin mingled with experience, cognition and wageration it spends a fair amount of time taking the language into consideration before attempting to make sense of it (Squire, 2008). NARRATIVES A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Rather than identifying narratives according to their structural characteristics, we may also lay narratives according to the function they accomplish in relation to the storyteller and his or her audience.In the process of storytelling, the narrator is not only able to recount the happenings of then(prenominal) events but in addition, the resultant narrative is imbued with select aspects of the tellers identity. Through the narrative, the storyteller tells his audience the kind of person he sees himself as. (Toolan, 2006, p. 63). Narrative identity may be projected in the narrators use of evaluative language. Sometimes during the course of an oral narrati ve, the speaker might use different styles (style-shifting) or language varieties (i. . codeswitching) in order to create voices for their characters and may serve to help in the transmission of identity and allegiance (Maybin, 1996). In Stories about Mothers, (B) portrayed himself as an active participant in his mothers tests. In retrospect, he seems to be telling us that at present, he is rather fond of his childishness memories of his mother (perhaps alluding that he has a good relationship with his mother now) and that he has since grown out of his rebellious teenage stage (hes mature now).Narratives not only serve a personal function but may also serve an important interpersonal purpose. According to the work of Norrick on thermonuclear families (1997), participation in co-narration (which is common practice in families and others in close relationships) is a way for family members to demonstrate and therefore solidify their position within the family. He believes that family membership may be measured by the contribution that a member is able to provide to the act of shared narration. Through the shared arration of past or recurring events, individuals exhibit shared group identity and allegiance. Norrick also points out that shared narration may also function as a way to demonstrate shared determine within families. While an outsider may not have the advantage of having shared experiences with other family members and so be unable to participate in the co-telling of past events, he or she may use his or her own experiences which are similar to those of the family in order, thereby adopting values inherent with the family.In this way, outsiders may take on acceptance as insiders of the family. All this is in agreement with Bruners suggestion that our sensitivity to narrative provides the major link between our own sense of self and our sense of others in the social world around us (1986). NARRATIVES A CONTEXTUAL PERSPECTIVE In order to gain a full un derstanding of the narrative, one must take context into serious consideration because stories are constantly under the influence of the narrators representation of experience as well as of language, society and culture.While it is a narrators prerogative to portray the characters and events of his story in a air of his choice, the details of the story and the way that it is told is generally influenced by the storytellers personal notions of himself, those around him and events. Stories, whether they are in written or oral form are all representations of the narrators experience (Toolan, 2006, p. 68). External and internal evaluations are important tools used by the narrator to be able to represent their experience of people and events through the narrative.In addition, evaluation may also be embedded into narratives when narrators directly quote a character (Toolan, 2006, p. 68). In Stories about mothers, B repeatedly gives voice to his mother by quoting some of the things she u sed to say (e. g. Youll be fine ). How experiences are represented all depends on the narrators personal constructs. Personal constructs are inner worlds and perceptions that determine the way that we see people and events and are largely determined and affected by language, culture and society.The importance of taking the socio- ethnic context of a narrative is important especially when we move to decoding the meaning behind narratives. In 1975, Grice explained that everyday conversations were being guided by quaternary maxims the maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation and Manner (Toolan, 2006, 72). These maxims (inferential norms or so called conversation implicatures) explain how individuals are able to logically comprehend meaning in conversation but may be insufficient when trying to explain how stories or jokes are understood.Nair (2002) proposed that in the process of narrative inferencing (i. e. , the way that we figure out what a story means), cultural cooperation between t he narrator and the audience is of utmost importance. The implications regarding the importance of impliculture in narrative inferencing is that we are reminded that (1) there are aspects of narratives which are culturally situated and must be interpreted in the context of the same culture and (2) therefore, only individuals who share the same cultural identity may fully interpret cultural narratives.The relationship between the narrative and culture is further demonstrated by the fact that stories of folklore and native traditions have been passed on from generation to generation in the form of the narrative. In this way, narratives contribute to the preservation and transmission of cultural identity and belonging. CONCLUSION Stories are commonplace in everyday life. In fact, it has been said that conversational English is largely in the form of the narrative (Maybin, 1996) in laidback conversations with friends and relatives to our more professional interactions with colleagues i n the workplace.They can be identified through their structural characteristics, the personal and interpersonal functions they serve in everyday social life and are both the result and inferred from the socio-cultural context and yet, the oral narrative remains a natural part of human being life from the cradle to the grave from the silly bed time stories we are told in childhood, to the epitaphs told in our memory at our lives end. REFERENCES Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination. Austin. State University of Texas Press. Bruner, J. 1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. Grice, H. P. (1975). system of logic and conversation. In Cole, P. and Morgan, J. (eds) Syntax and Semantics. 3 Speech Acts. wise York Academic Press. Labov, W. (1972). Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. Labov, W. (2001). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. 2nd edition. Cambridge Cambridge University P ress. Maybin, J. (1996)(Ed). Chapter 1 Everyday Talk. In Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. eds) Using English from conversation to canon. Routledge/The Open University. pg. 21-27 Nair, R. B. (2002). Narrative Gravity. Chapter 5 Rationality and relevance. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Norrick, N. R. (1997). Language in Society, 26(2). pg. 199-220. Squire, C. (2008). Reading Narratives. http//www. uel. ac. uk/cnr/documents/CNRWIPJune04Squire. doc (accessed July 2008) Toolan, M. (2006). Chapter 2 Telling Stories. In Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English everyday creativity. The Open University. pg. 54-76

Literary analysis of ‘The Going’ by Thomas Hardy Essay

The discharge is a poem mourning the demise and loss of sturdys wife Emma. The themes of anguish, love and regret be echoes throughout the poem however it is unusual and interesting to note that it come alongs that Hardy is blaming Emma for leaving him and over-romanticizing the time they spent together. The title The Going gives the air that Emmas death was a grand sort of departure.A reader with no knowledge of Hardys smell would perhaps smack that Hardy loved and took much care of his wife throughout his life and her departure was grand in that way, however this is not the case. The circumstances Emma died in illustrated a harsh husband who did not come to his wifes deathbed when the maid told him Emma was very ill Hardys grievous poem makes the circumstances are very ironic. In the second stanza, Hardy also refers to Emmas death as the great going, which is once again giving the idea that Emmas death was grand like a Queen leaving.It is possible that by glorifying and ex alting Emmas death, Hardy is trying to console himself about the circumstances she died in by writing over the situation he may be trying to change the story of what happened for the reader in order to make it appear as though he is not the one to blame. Building on the idea that Hardy wants to shift the blame from himself, Hardy throughout the poem asks questions as statements rather than as real questions. For example, he says Why do you make me leave the ho single-valued function / And think for a breath it is you I see Hardy has not ended his sentence with a question mark but rather he has ended with an exclamation mark, suggesting he in reality does not want to ask Emma these questions, instead he wants to tell her how he wants the story to be. By using you in all his questions, the air that Hardy is the victim in this situation rather than Emma. This amplifies upon the idea mentioned above that Hardy may be wanting to write over the situation in order to make it seem that he is not the one to blame.A sense of arrogance and self-righteousness is eluded from his desire to shift the blame away from him this may make the speaker seem unlikeable. there is a stolid tone in the poem which works to romanticize the mood of the poem and suggest the happy past the couple had in the stemma of their relationship and the happy life they could have had but didnt. Hardy asks Emma why she did not lip me the softest call this is a reference to physical intimacy and could be a kiss or to whispering sweet-nothings.From that suggestion, it would seem like Hardy was always expectant for such intimacy however this was not the case as the couple were not physically intimate for most of their relationship. There are echoes of their courting days in their youth in the fourth stanza where Hardy describes a younger Emma in flattering and loving terms as the swan-necked one who would muse and eye (him). The idea of Emma eyeing Hardy suggests a shy and rascally Emma sneak glances at Hardy which evokes empathy in the readers heart for not only Emma but the combined couple of Emma and Hardy during their courtship.This only adds to the sorrowful feeling of Emmas death but now by relating their courting days Hardy has not only told the reader of his distress but he has also spread this grief to the reader. Alliteration also adds to the playful feel to the poem, building on the point above. The day is described as darkening dankness and the alleys as bending boughs this brings the settings to life and illustrates how rich their relationship could have been, thus amplifying the emotion of regret over Emmas going.The alliteration could also suggest that Hardy is attempting to over-romanticize the situation to such an extent that he is trying to convince himself that their relationship was happy. Another interpretation could that whilst this poem is a sad love poem, Hardys use of playful alliteration may be demonstrating that Hardy may not be as sad as he is making out to be throughout the poem because if indeed he was terrible grief-stricken by her loss, he would not have had enough composure to compose the poem with such literary devices which make the poem sound more flowing.Using a device such as alliteration is deliberate and therefore Hardys use of alliteration shows he had enough capability to make use of this technique. The final stanza in the poem has great significance to the poem and its meaning. Hardy uses short sentences and caesuras to indicate how harshly Emmas death came about and how harshly their relationship ended. Well, well Alls past amend/Unchangeable. It must go. shows how he seems reluctant to select that Emma is now dead as the short sentences make it sound as though he is slowly trying to make himself accept this fact.Sharp caesuras in this stanza also make it feel as though trying to convince himself Emma is gone is very painful. To conclude, Hardy uses literary devices such as alliteration and sensual imagery to give a sensual feel to this poem, however the underlying tone and meaning of this poem is a sad and greivious one as highlighted by Hardys use of blame and structure. Short sentences and an inconsistent ryhming scheme demonstrate this sad mood.

Hard Times: Many Symbols about Human Nature

In Dickenss Hard Times, at that place are many symbolisms that fall out through the novel. These symbols stand for much more than Just word you would come across multiple cartridge clips as you read. Each symbol can recall something about human nature, human relationships, morality, and even about our society. Each symbol can have a various meaning to all of us. The symbols that came up often and that stood out to me as I read were stairway, Pegasus, corporation serpents, and get up. The first symbol that stood out to me was the staircase Mrs. Sparsit imagines. This ymbol stood out to me when Mrs.Sparsit notices that Louisa and Harthouse are spending a bunch of time together. As she notices this, she imagines that Louisa is running down some sort of staircase into a dark pit of shame and ruin at the bottom. I believe that this staircase represents her belief that Louisa is going to disappear with Harthouse and ruin herself forever. Mrs. Sparsit has disliked Bounderbys marri age to the Louisa and has always hoped to marry him herself. So this makes her very happy by Louisas action to disappear with Harthouse. done he staircase, Dickens reveals how Mrs.Sparsits character is hypocritical. He also suggests that Mrs. Sparsits own self misinterprets the situation between Louisa and Harthouse. She misinterprets this because she ends up in shame by having an affair with Harthouse and Louisa ends up returning home to her father. The next symbol that stood out to me was the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus. Mr. Slearys circus entertainers would stay at an gild called the Pegasus Arms. The symbol is inside of this inn. On the inside of this inn, the symbol is a Pegasus that is a odel of a flying horse with golden stars stuck on all over him.This symbol, the Pegasus, represents a world of fantasy and beauty from which Gradgrinds children are not a part of. There is a point when Mr. Gradgrind informs the pupils at his school that wallpaper with horses on it is un realistic because horses do not in fact live on walls. He always taught the kids hard facts and nothing but them and to not have an imagination. The circus people however live in a world in which horses can dance and flying horses can be imagined even if they do not in fact really exist in the eal world.The name of this inn stages the contrast between the imaginative and very happy world of the circus and Mr. Gradgrinds belief in the importance of fact and to have no imagination. Another symbol that stood out to me was the smoke serpents above Coketown. The symbol was the streams of smoke that was in the skies above Coketown. These streams are the outcome of factories and industrialization. However, these smoke serpents also represent the obliviousness of some grind owners like Bounderby. He is always so focused on making as much money and profit as he possibly can.Bounderby concludes that the serpents of smoke are a positive sign that the factories are producing and making a g pr ott Bounderby tails to see the smoke as a torm of unhealthy contaminant because he is so concerned about making a profit. He also fails to recognize his own abuse of the hands in his factories. He does not realize how miserable and poor his workers are and is more worried about his business and himself. The final symbol that stood out to me was fire. The first time the symbol fire stood out to me was when Louisa is first introduced in Chapter 3.The narrator explains that here is a fire with nothing to burn, a starved imagination concuring life in itself somehow. This shows that Louisa seems she has not listened to her fathers beliefs against wondering and imagining. The fire also shows a certain kid of warmth. It is says that Louisa often stares into the fireplace when she is alone. She stares as if she sees things in the flames that others do not, like her rigid father and brother. However, there is also another kind of fire that stands out to me in Hard Times. The other time I think of fire in this novel is the fires that keep the factories running.The fire provides heat and power for machines. This shows that fire can be an example of an evil that can be used as a greater good. done this symbol, Dickens shows the importance of imagination to show the industrialization of human nature. In conclusion, symbols can mean and represent many things in life. People use different symbols every day to represent something that they believe in. For example, many very religious people may wear a cross around their neck to show a symbol of faith Just how the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus is a symbol to the people to have an imagination.

Culture of Australia Essay

The distrust of identity is ceaselessly a difficult one for those living in a last or mathematical collection, yet be to a nonher. This difficulty frequently remains in the mind of most immigrants, especially the second generations who were born in a country other than their parents. Younger generations feel as if they are forced to change to hold up the social standards disdain previous stopping point or group. Furthermore those who wish to adopt a in the raw identity of a group or culture havent yet been fully recognised by original members due to their former identity. Living with a different culture to our roots brush off lead to changes in our lives.Migrating to Australia has affected a lot of authors from Alice Pungs vignettes of Growing up Asian in Australia. Michelle Law displays her exclusion from the Australian culture by preparing exotic lunches with her mother, as well as her bald-headed Chinese body compared to the school girls. Being seen as a distinct outsi der to the Australian culture can influence one to change their way of life to fit in and form friendships. Sunil an Indian schoolboy was faced with the choice of constantly being bullied over his differences or adapting to the community by altering his recognize to Neil.Changing for others an lose your place in your original identity and culture. After visiting Hong Kong, Michelle momentarily feels superposable to her surroundings with her Chinese ethnicity. After mispronouncing words when ordering at a Cantonese Mc Donalds, Michelle comes to realise that she feels estimable as excluded in Hong Kong as she did in Australia. This sense of displacement slipd by multiple cultures can question Michelles judgement, Am I more Asian or more Australian? The feeling of non fitting in can lead us to changes in our life to fit social standards despite our previous culture or way of life.Alice Pung addresses the idea of multiculturalism in her novel Unpolished Gem. dickens of the themes in this novel where she portrays her culture are through personal identity and the impact of the past. A study influence on Alices identity was when she was a young child and her grandmother would tell her stories well-nigh flatts that occurred in Cambodia. In Alices teenage years, her beloved grandmother has a stroke, developed disabilities and hithertotually had passed away. It is roughly this time where serious psychological problems occur for Alice.This almost forces her into a mental state in which she knows she does non fit in with the Australian culture. She believed she had to do everything she could to change that otherwise Alice knew she would break d let mentally. Alice was forced to take on to fit the social standards of Australia. The actions of adopting a new identity by putting yourself into a different group can lead to not only the new group not fully accepting you only if also your original group will see you as a totally different person.At the age of 13 I played basketball for the under 14s side. We were all very close and had organize great friendships throughout the season. The following season I was asked to play above my age group. Without thinking double I evaluate what I thought was a great opportunity. A few days attach and it was the day of my first training session with the older group. Throughout the 2 hours of training I did not enjoy myself at all. No one would pass me the ball and it was as if they didnt want me there.To be honest I didnt want to be there neither. I decided to return to my own age group and play with my old friend. At the next training session with my original squad I realized the same thing was happening, no one would pass me the ball or even acknowledge that I was on the court. It turns out I had changed as a person and found myself caught amongst the two teams. The moral of that experience was by trying to fit in with a new group I found that I had lost my original identity and forgot where I be long.There are a variety of scenarios that result in us trying to change. Whether it is a result of a different culture or even past experiences. People also feel as if they are forced upon change, and even if you find yourself with a new identity or culture, you may not be fully accepted by original members of that group or culture. The power of a group however is often the cause of losing our individual identity. In conclusion the question remains of whether Change of an identity is right or rail at?

Disability Discrimination In The Work Force

Disability refers to the state in which a soul whitethorn be physically or stock-still mentally impaired. Impairment may limit a person from performing certain tasks. Disability may either be in form of a oddment disease or physical like the inability to use some parts of the body. People with disablement have for quite some time been sidelined oddly in the carrying out of populace duties. Discrimination has especially been rampant in the working atomic number 18as and in commerce markets. There has been reckon that physically or mentally challenged persons are unable to perform tasks like the other persons. A nonher form of discrimination is the racial discrimination.Person subjected to this gentle are often thought inferior to their counterparts. This may subject them to rejection in railway line markets regardless of their qualifications. disdain the many laws relating to the practiceds of the handicapped persons, employment rate is still high rated as current estima tes have discovered. The bulge of discrimination has raised concern especially with organizations which protects and fights for the disabled human rights. It has been found out that many physically challenged unmarrieds have the capability to perform similar arts with other persons. They to a fault compete fairly in the stemma areas.There is thereof need to create favorable environment for such individuals. Challenges instanced by the disabled persons at work places A study handleed in March 2008 by David Grinberg on moving in discrimination showed an cast up of 9% in a span of five years. Out of this, 14% were disablement link discrimination. business organization places have been identified as areas where physically and mentally challenged persons are highly discriminated. To begin with, to get a job for these people takes much longer than for their counterparts. Employers are usually prejudiced and end up number off disabled persons stock-still when they qualify fo r the jobs.This has led to high levels of unemployment for the disabled persons, (Grinberg & Nazer para. 2). Potential employers withal localize the lack of facilities to accommodate them. They argue that the cost of accommodating them is high which may only mean supernumerary cost to the businesses. They are afraid that the disabled persons may non perform as expected which may lead to a decrease in their output thus profitability. Also most building has not been constructed in a way to accommodate especially the physically challenged persons. This poses a major obstacle even to the potential employers (Grinberg & Nazer para.3).In the jobs however, the situations are not much different for the disabled. They suffer discrimination from they colleagues at work and even sometimes from their employers. This is usually notable by the exclusion they face from the kindly cliques of other employees. They are also looked down upon and the environment is usually not so conducive for th em. They also tend to be segregated from the major activities in their work places. This has led to high turnover for the disabled and even worse a low morale in their work. Promotion for the disabled also comes in hardy in the job areas.Though they perform fairly the same with their counterparts, or even sometimes better as research has discovered, their take is barely recognized by their employers (Barnes, et al pp. 27). molestation in job areas for the disabled is also high. For a long time, the disabled have been equaled to beggars. Some employees feel that they are helping the disabled and its not really for job purposes. They thus end up threatening them with dismissal with others demanding for special offers from these kind of employees. Harassment has also been seen in the area of granting leaves and in termination.Most disabled persons are rarely granted family leaves and when they do their allowances are scrapped off (Australian Public Service fit out para. 3). This h as led to a cry of justice in the modern past with people calling for enactment of laws to protect the disabled. Ignorance of the rights of the disabled has also led to an increase in harassment behavior in the job areas. The disabled persons are unaware of the set rules which protect them from these practices. early(a) forms of harassment may include comment or actions aimed at demeaning their subject or conduct meant to intimidate its target person (Barnes, et al pp.34). Sexual harassment on disabled person at work places has also been reported. Employers take advantage of especially the mentally challenged persons to exploit them. This has challenge has been camouflaged by the lack of well coordinated government and welfare associations. The aggrieved parties thus do not know the right channels to use to seek for assistance (Barnes, et al pp. 43). Most mentally disabled person face challenges in the work place because unlike their counterparts, they tend to be slower. The organ izations have not set up enabling environment to accommodate them.This has in turn lead to criticism and accuses of laziness. Such persons are corrupt as they are led to believe do not measure up to others. Physically challenged individual also find it hard in areas where they are restricted due to their disabilities (Australian Public Service Commission para. 4, 5). Most offices for example have no places for wheeling the wheel chairs making it impossible for these persons. Others affected by office arrangements are the blind. Many organizations lack facilities for them and if they do, they are rarely updated. This makes the disabled to lag behind in matters of technology and information.Most disabled person also requires adjustments in their working hours. This however is not provided in the job places thus posing a major block to this people. There are also few job varieties available for the disabled persons. This leads to high potential of them being under-utilized. This jobs are most often low give and with low prospect of promotion (Australian Public Service Commission para. 8). Apart from job related areas, the disabled are better talented in other areas than their counterparts. However, this potential is always not recognized as they are not included in the organizations out of office activities.Also, whereas the management offers training to the other employees, this is not so with mostly the mentally and visual challenged employees. The management sites high costs for such training thus rendering these employees unproductive and inefficient. For the physically impaired employees, no arrangement is done for them to attend job related seminars. This diminishes their chances of promotions (Daniel pp. 4). Disabled persons also face problems of low esteem at work places. This is because they are led to believe that they are less endowed than their counterparts.This in turn may lead to poor performance which at last leads to dismissals. Interpersonal r elation between the disabled and the rest is characterized by prejudices from both sides. This leads to formation of unhealthy social classes thus tension at work places. Many laws have so far been passed regarding the plight of the disabled. The public seem to be ignorant of them this calls for public awareness and education on how to handle people with disabilities. However, the physically, mentally and visually challenged persons have a role to play to cover that these practices are done away with in working places (Daniel pp.7).Disability should not be a reason to make one look down his abilities or even allow other to do so. They should work to ensure that all the prejudices surrounding them due to disability are eliminated (Taylor pp. 12, 13). They should also learn to fight for their rights at job places. Disability rights should be well explained to the employers as well as other employees to ensure that such conflict does not arise in job areas. Conclusion The government s hould ensure that they set up agencies to look into the plight of the disabled persons.These people should also be synthesized on these matters and encouraged to seek legal actions against a person violating their rights. The employment laws should also be revised to ensure the correct working environment is created and the necessary adjustments are made to accommodate the challenged persons. handicraft agencies should also be set up to help link the disabled persons with potential employers. Managers should also be given funding and other support necessary so as to reduce the costs associated with employing the disabled persons (Taylor pp.17).Lack of proper and up to date information to the disabled persons has also been noted as a major drawback at the work areas. The government should ensure that these people are taught relevant and current affairs so as to be competitive enough at their work areas. Organizations should also set measure to ensure that all the employees are well represented in all educational issues. This would help raise the morale of the disabled persons and as well help improve the inter-relations among all employees.

Emerson Self Reliance

Ralph Waldo Emersons works Self-Reliance and Nature esteem transcendentalism as a romantic, individualistic philosophy of life in hopes of establishing contemporary concepts in b each(prenominal)(prenominal) club which reject usanceal institutions and customs. Emersons thoughts are mostly based on inward reflection, in which the capabilities of ones soul and intuition are fundamental. He believes that a rejuvenated feel of individualized inspiration can overpower the dogmatic constructs confederation imposes on its members.Emerson stresses the latent for genius and creativity in on the whole people through the depth of philosophic interest in record and in oneself, allowing people to find self-truth or their purpose. He further expounds upon this concept of the pursuit of self-realisation by describing the process of gaining insight through inconsiderateing oneself to the powers of nature in sex segregation and closing oneself to the charm of society in isolation. i solation reflects Emersons statement of individualism as its emphasis is placed on the mental strength of a person over traditional systems of thought.This philosophy esteems individuals above all society, religion, and some other(prenominal) institutions and systems of thought. The dogmatisms imposed on human beings are part of a course one must depart from in order to achieve individual freedom of thought and case. A person must drop society as a standard from which they must rise above by disregarding its norms. Emerson repeatedly calls on individuals to value their give birth thoughts, opinions, and experiences above those presented to them by others. Each individual is a unique expression of creativity and exit, cap fit of contributing different ideas and reforms to society.Mankinds divinity also plays a prominent consumption in the methods of isolation. All people, according to Emerson, withdraw divine powers within. Success and achievement are derived from people the mselves, not bestowed by another prime(prenominal) being. He uses the example of prayer as a means to termination a private end, is theft and meanness (Self-Reliance 545). This direct link between divinity and the individual provides self-assertion that the individual will, when correctly exercised, can never produce evil.Individual will, in Emersons philosophy, is not something to be rejected or hidden, as done so by many who are unable to see last(prenominal) societys dictums, but rather a force to be asserted and upheld for the more advanced proficiency of man. In this context however, an individual who fails to be self-directed, who does not intend to act upon his or her own thoughts and ideas, is proscribed of step with its purpose. Such a person, in Emersons view, cannot be productive, fulfilled, and therefore happy, as they are not victuals for anything real.These people are only temporarily pacified by ideals that stupefy already been established, innovations that h ave already been discovered, and abilities that have already been exhausted. On the other hand, a person who is self-reliant can be assured that he or she is carrying out a divine purpose of life, as no one before them could have had the exact same ideas, strengths, or mental environment to work with. Those who flout the rules and conventions of society and religion do, however, raise disapproval as a result.But, Emerson points out, those men who were earlier condemned are now considered some of the greatest thinkers of all time Galileo, Socrates, Copernicus, and countless others. Amending the immediate thought process of ones world exposes the counter ideas of those who do not want change, but is finally beneficial when they are given time to adjust and open their minds to new ideas. The first innate reaction of man is to reject that which is different and may pose dangers to the beaten(prenominal) way of life.This terror that scares us from self-trust (Self-Reliance 537) is the beginning of the emergence of universal conformity which, in turn, eclipses innovation and private growth. However, the more people open themselves to their personal judgment and intuition, the more trust they will have for each other as a mutual respect for ideas will develop. People will be able to relate to each other through their processes of thought, ensuring acknowledgment amongst all for the effort and uniqueness society will experience through individual contributions.Self-reliance is not a merely a field of study of averting tradition but, just as importantly, a matter of believing and doing what one is uniquely suited to believe and do. Emerson expects the self-reliant to substitute originality for imitation in every sphere of life. Referencing architecture, Emerson explains that originality will yield a product that is superior to one made by imitation If the American artist will study with hope and acknowledge the precise thing to be done by him, considering the cli mate, the soil, the length of the day, the wants of the people e will bring forth a house in which all these will find themselves fitted, and taste and sentiment will be satisfied also (Self-Reliance 547). A commitment to live according to ones own ideas virtually every matter will certainly result in benefits far greater than those which are given by adhering to originator ideals of society as people will be able to almost customize the different aspects of their lives. insulate oneself from the mental influences of others provides people a tool to aid their concentrate on on what they really desire from themselves and their lives.Though solitude arrives at the same product as isolation, abilities and confidence in oneself, it requires a separate course of action. In solitude, one must physically disconnect from civilization and open oneself to the influences of nature and the powers of the unquantifiable. In Nature, Emerson displays the overwhelming sense of unity, harmony, and the blending of mans identity with the divine essence of nature, as the entire universe is composed of Nature and the intelligence (Nature 493). By being in nature, one comes upon the feeling of losing his human point of view.An omniscient one is wherefore created through the feeling that man exists as part of nature-I am nothing. I see all (Nature 494). Natures constructs, such as the sublime, help people to not only appreciate their positions in the universe, but realize the vast unknown and the consequent pettiness of everyday temporal problems. By ridding oneself of the comprehend dualism between people and nature, one becomes part of all creation and is able to access the power nature exerts. Solitude also includes the awareness of time and its genuine importance that nature conveys to man.Emerson counsels the self-reliant to keep their focus on the present. Man postpones or remembers, (Self-Reliance 541) he explains. He does not live in the present, but with reverted s hopping center laments the past, or, heedless of the riches that surround him, stands on tiptoe to foresee the future (Self-Reliance 541). One who lingers in the past or worries about the future wastes ones life in regret while another who looks to the future misses todays opportunities and pleasures. It is Emersons confidence in the present that leads him to establish that consistency is foolish.That a certain imprint or course of action was correct, useful, or best in the past does not guarantee that it system so in the present. Conversely, to leave behind a belief or a way of doing things does not mean that it was not useful at the time or that one was wrong to have chased it, but it no longer applies. He refers to a roses ability to just grow, no matter what may happen in the future and what had happened in the past. The rose simply does what it is supposed to do, and does not let its goal out of sight by becoming distracted with mere possibilities or preceding occurrences wh ose effects cannot be altered.The ability to live in the sec ensures that an individual uses the potential of every moment to its fullest, ultimately creating a genuine purpose for said individual to work towards and a higher luck of fulfillment in life. This individual goal, however, comes with its own approach. Emerson acknowledges the fact that through isolation, people gear towards finding something they that they all want to achieve or experience as they are able to focus their thoughts on their own potential. Reaching a goal, however, has no preset or guideline people must go about doing so in their own way.To demonstrate the effectiveness of an apparently inconsistent course through life, Emerson uses a sailing journey as a metaphor The voyage of the best ship is a zag line of a hundred tacks (Self-Reliance 538). The knowledge that one is following the true path to the right destination, in spite of apparent inconsistencies, gives one confidence to ignore the taunts of ot hers who deride one for changing course. By complying with both isolation and solitude, intuition judgment and appreciation become the powers by which people liberate themselves from the constructs and opinions of others and focus on personal growth.Emersons perception of solitude suggests that one opens themselves to the exterior influences of nature to gain insight whereas his theory of isolation contends that people use civilization as a standard from which they must deviate. If the individual is able to progress, society will do so automatically. Therefore people must trust their own characters and way of life. Isolation also combats the notion that all people are obliged to acquiesce to societal conformities that are ultimately detrimental to both individual and communal well-being.The norm is not always right, society regresses instead of progresses as people refuse to change what has been, in fear of being different. Solitude results in personal word sense to where they are in life as people open themselves to the sublime or powers they cannot compete with, stately a sense of humility and therefore a realistic outlook to life and ones own potential. Consequently, nature along with the powers of the human mind embodies true happiness and fulfillment.

BMW Harvard Case Studies

What is the strategic significance of the BMW Z3 launch? Firstly, the launch of the BMW Z3 is significant for the connection as it helped the beau monde inch closer towards their long term goal in becoming a global brand. Prior to the introduction of BMW Z3, the most common mindset of the general public about BMW is that the superordinate quality of their products are due to the fact that it was made in Germ whatsoever. With the Z3 manufactured in Spartanburg USA, BMW can show up that they can be a successful global company by manufacturing at strategic locations withal when its not in Bavaria.Furthermore, this launch had helped people to associate the quality of BMWs product to the company itself rather than its manufacturing location. Secondly, the launch of Z3 further supported BMWs effort to reposition their brand from Yuppie Status emblem to their much preferred Ultimate Driving Machine. As shown by the BMW Unit Sales History, this promote was successful in helping BMW in crease their unit sales in the U. S. and Worldwide by 10. 7 thousands and 16. 2 thousands respectively in a year. This is significant as the Z3 helped generate dealer traffic temporary hookup stimulating interest in other BMW product line.Lastly, the production of the Z3 model also satisfied the require of a certain segment in the market while simultaneously enabling them to become the lead up of the modern roadster category by releasing it before their such as Porsche and Mercedes. The Z3 appealed to the Generation-Xers as it gives them a sense of uniqueness, it appealed the Gen-40s as the Z3 materialized their roadster car theyve been dreaming of all their lives and lastly, the Z3 reminded the Baby Boomer of the roadsters of yesteryear. 2. How would you measure the boilersuit performance of the launch?In my opinion, one way to measure the overall performance of the launch is by simply comparing the projected unit sales against the actual unit sales. However, some other way of bill Z3s launch performance is by analyzing the publicity impact of BMWs advertising campaign such as 1 The GoldenEye Product Placement This was a brilliant decision as it allowed them to, without any monetary fee, add attractiveness to the Z3 and reach foreign customers and younger generation who are generally harder to reach.In addition, the while gap between the movies premier and the Z3s launch gave BMW the opportunity to build cars to carry customer specification. 2 Neiman Marcus Catalog By offering a James Bond edition of the Z3 in the catalog, BMW had successfully created a buzz and excitement by requiring over 6000 customers to be on a waitlist to bargain for the 100 cars that were available. 3 BMW Internet Site The Build Your Own Roadster module was important as it generated buzz by building excitement, anticipation and awareness towards the Z3 and perhaps other models.4 Press Launch in Central Park This particular activity resulted in extensive coverage in both send off and print in the altogethers companies. This was a good decision as it increases the awareness of the product with a high reach than many traditional advertising methods. 5 Jay Leno & Radio DJ Program Normally, I would index against practicing these methods of advertising as they are a very risky and has a very large reach. However, the tote up of word of mouth resulted from these methods suggests that this program was in fact successful.6 Go An American Road Story pictorial matter In my opinion, this method was unnecessary as the emotional and nostalgic content of the video contradicts with Z3s new and exciting image. 3 What are your recommendations for the Phase 2 and why? After the success of the first phase, BMW promptly faces another problem as they must formulate a strategy that can both bewilder the public interest and convert those interests into actual order. To preserve the publics interest, BMW can maintain contacts with their probable customers by disclosing relevant messages through e-mail, mail, or phone.The content of these messages should be designed in a personal manner that will stimulate an immediate physical or psychological reaction. For instance, the message can include an knowledge regarding the current state and development of the Z3 or perhaps the message can include an invitation to take the Z3 for a trial during a specific time window. To convert interests to actual order, I would recommend BMW to implement a more protestative advertising rather than another awareness building, non-traditional marketing.For instance, perhaps now BMW can inform its audience about its financing option for the Z3 or the steps that they can take to pre-order the car. Should they implement another non-traditional marketing campaign, they may wane off the charm and effectiveness of their initial advertising, thus slowly turn of events them into a traditional marketing in the future. As non-traditional marketing was essential to the success of Z3s introduction, it would be within BMWs best interest to prevent excessive non-traditional marketing so that they can spread over to implement it for their future new product offerings.

A Report Into Consumer Behavioural Theory

Understanding consumer behaviour allows us to engage more effectively with our range mart and increase sales * It is vital we understand the needs of our target market and their need for bargain for Benecol or alternative w ars. * Giving Value to a growth after we understand our consumers needs and motivation for purchase apprize increase positive interaction with our market. * When selling a product, it is advised that the advertisement attaches itself shell to the needs and encourage of consumers with relevant and engaging information. Creating a psychological struggle for customers as well as curing it can be vital to increase market sh are and customer satisfaction.* Overcoming pre-purchase alternatives to Benecol is a slap-up challenge due to the highly saturated market the trademark finds itself in, although this is non impossible as publicity of the products health benefits can lift it. * Consumers can be conditioned to relate to Benecol both consciously and uncon sciously finished various marketing and production techniques. Marketing strategies can be put in send which are directly or indirectly link up to the purchase or use of the product that dispatch short or long term boosts in sales or customer satisfaction such as sales promotions or school giveaways to promote health in children which improves brand reputation. * Taking service of every point of interaction between the product and the consumer can greatly increase the likelihood that a customer pass on become loyal to the brand and perhaps even aid the increase of market address.Introduction Consumer behavioural theory gives marketing departments the opportunity to gain a more effective intellectual of the customers they consecrate or wish to attain. The theories attached to this subject emotional, cognitive and psychological reaction to marketing and brand management. The following is a key out on consumer behaviour related to the Benecol brand with the intention to gain a better organisational understanding of marketing theories and methods relevant to the specific brand.Due to the market segmentation of Benecol, the report for the roughly part aims to focus on consumer behaviour closely linked to health and provender products, as well as applying more general consumer behavioural theory where relevant. As the relevant theories to consumer behaviour in the case of Benecol are out rail lined, recommendations will be made in order to aid the company in customer acquisition, retentiveness and satisfaction. Motivation and Need RecognitionIn assembling this report it was understood that many theories of behavioural aspects of marketing are derived from an organisations awareness and understand of its target markets needs and desires and those who utilise this most effectively are often the most successful brands. For instance, Coca-Cola has no health benefits, accordingly it is marketed as hedonistic product and the more its target market become i ncreasingly health-conscious the more Coke will lend on its slogan enjoy, whilst also increasing its market share in other ways, i. e. hrough the purchase of shares in drinks companies that promote health (Macalister & Teather, 2010).The need or desire that is recognised by Benecols products is clearly the lessening of cholesterol, the motivation for this is increased health as well as Benecols ease of use. The motivation for buying a product that increases the health of the consumer is self-evident in many ways. Value Theory Many researchers have suggested that consumers are value driven and find that the enjoyment of a product is balanced between what is condition and what is received (Torben, 2005).In short, this theory argues the following factors are counted when a future purchase is considered From this, it could be argued that Benecols price and quality are subjective to the customer as the benefits from use of said product are only noticeable long-term and the economic cos t of the range are noticeably, although not unreasonably, higher than alternatives. However, the value the product gives to the consumer from a marketing perspective will be discussed in greater details through other behavioural theories as the above chart is too rudimentary to give explicit telephone line to Benecols potential without more exploration.Information Processing Something highly intrinsic to the product value of Benecol is the wildness on being the only range of foods to contain Plant Stanol Ester, a unique cholesterol grievous ingredient. (Rasio Plc. , 2011). Getting this information to the public through advertising happens through the brand website, but on goggle box the advertising is focused on basic prompts that will motivate the audience into believing in the benefits of exploitation the product.One example is the latest UK advert which places stress on the convenience of the product with a line in fairly small print about the plant stanol ester underneath the visual of how favorable it can be to help lower cholesterol. The information of stanols is considered secondary in marketing the convenience product and therefore is only likely absorbed by those already interested in the product or the advertising. divergence This theory is based on a consumers cognitive struggle where two beliefs that are heavy to be true are not consistent.This process of a cognitive clash brings about a motivation to come to a positive conclusion where a psychological compromise can occur to bring an end to the inconsistency, therefore ending the dissonance (Torben, 2005). By advertising the negative do touch products can have on a consumers health, Benecol creates a struggle within the consumers discernment that whilst they enjoy their regular food and dairy products, they are damaging to their health by creating large amounts of cholesterol.Benecol is so introduced as an alternative to health-damaging products that bridges the psychological inconsi stencies in the consumers mind by offering a products that helps prevent cholesterol whilst not taking enjoyment away from eating. By offering advertisement strengthened with clinically proven information, the customer is also limited in averting the dissonance caused by Benecols initial information about rival product. Benecol therefore markets by initiating dissonance and then promoting a resolving power to end the consumers self-conflict.Balance Theory and Modelling This motivational theory argues that people desire cognitive consistency in their drive to achieve psychological balance in their thoughts, feelings and social congressships (Dacko, 2008). In relation to marketing, consumer can be attracted or put off of a product due to a linked influencer even if it is not directly linked to the product, also known as modelling. For example, a woman could be attracted to an anti-wrinkle cream if she sees it endorsed by Dame Helen Mirren because she is a fan of the actress work an d beauty.Similarly, if an organisation were thinking of using Accenture, a deal could have been negatively affected due to the unrelated infidelities of Tiger Woods, had the latter not ceased to give away him when they did. The theory promoted by Benecol is the trifecta of a person balancing convenience, taste and health. Ergo, Benecol is promoted as a product that does not impede on the consumers convenience from daily routine in preparing food, manages to taste as safe as unhealthy products whilst being a product that promotes good health.Although it has done in the past with chant Vorderman, Benecol currently does not market its product using celebrity endorsement, something that its rivals, Activia and Actimel do in the UK. Although these products are not exactly the same as Benecol, they produce many products in the same market advertising akin(predicate) benefits, such as yoghurts and mini-drinks that aid well-being. Pre-purchase Alternative Evaluation This theory bases it s phone line on the focus that a customer makes a cognitive and emotional decision on the alternatives to the product in question before a purchase is made.Through judging the price, quality and branding of the products in question cognitively, a consumer will then make their decision based on the positive or negative effects that the preceding factors will have on their life. As Benecol is marketed as an alternative to unhealthy dairy staples such as yoghurts and spreads, it is undeniable that the market that Benecol is placed in is highly competitive. Benecol spread is nearly in two ways as pricy as similar products including own brand olive spreads that cost under half the price for twice the weight of product (Ocado, 2011).The following is a statement from international brand analysts Datamonitor in a report for the UK dairy industry From the consumers point of view, dairy products may be used directly as food or beverages, or ingredients for other home-made foods. There a re a wide range of foods and drinks that can be used in similar ways to dairy products, so if dairy prices raise too high, it is easy for consumers to replace them with alternatives. This reduces the pricing freedom of retailers and market players.Some of the alternatives may have advantages for retailers, such as cheaper retentiveness or higher margins. The threat of substitutes is assessed here as strong, although dairy products are important parts of most peoples diet and are unlikely to be completely replaced (Datamonitor, 2008). From this we see that Benecol has the challenge to promote the positive effects it can have on a consumers life rather than any economic benefits it may possess, unless it was marketed in a way that suggested it could save customers money in the long-term as a legal community of high spending due to ill-health.This however is playing on consumer fear and would not be recommended as a means of increasing customer acquisition, retention or satisfaction. Classical Conditioning This theory refers to an argument that consumers can be programmed into acting without being conscious of their conditioning. Through classical conditioning it is argued that by elating different emotional states in a consumer through the use of marketing, product placement, publicity or use, the consumers approach to the product becomes altered to act immediately with a certain approach to a product that is involuntary (East, Wright, & Vanhuele, 2008).With Benecol, it could be argued that consumers are conditioned into both positive and negative emotional reactions through our marketing. The recondite mint green logo surrounded by a heart blended with soft, sky low backgrounds in our packaging and advertising is warming and few products in the same or similar markets share the same colour scheme so not only are we unique in our packaging so when customers do see similar colours, they are quickly linked back to Benecol which aids them to buy more.As mentio ned in relation to other theories of consumer behaviour, fear plays a large part in motivate one to purchase an item which promotes health. Although as a company it would not be ethical to play on fear to boost sales, there is no denying the very real possibility that consumers are motivated to purchase goods when they are conditioned to understand that not doing so could lead them to health problems down the line.