The Spanish Waste Water Environmental Sciences Essay

The Spanish Waste pee milieual Sciences EssayAznalcollar, a township in the country of Andalusia, is located in the s step to the foreheast west of Spain. The constituent of Andalusia is the second longst theatrical role of Spain, and it is the countrys highest populated region. Andalusia is experiencen to be an economic on the wholey low-down region with the majority of waxth in its industry and service sectors. The region can be divided into two major sub regions in the conglutination, the Sierra Morena Mountains can be appoint and below this in the s bring outh is the valley of the Guadalquivir. This valley is home to the regions to the highest degree fertile land, which is found along the banking concerns of the river Guadalquivir and its tri plainlyaries. champion of these tri entirelyaries is the river Guadiamar which flows through the town of Aznalcollar. The flow of the Guadiamar River is very seasonal so far it sedate sustains agricultural activity through out the state.45 percent of the Andalusia region is responsible for agriculture. Agriculture is chief(prenominal)ly located around the fertile banks of the regions Rivers such(prenominal) as the river Guadiamar. The main agriculture in this area is made up dry land acres of cereals such as barley and oats. innovative(prenominal) cereals grown in the area use irrigation. These cereals include maize, cotton, olives and rice. Only 17 percent of Spains cultivated land is irrigated, proving that this region is of great(p) importance to Spains primal sector. Taking the type of crop into account, this land could likewise allow for the ingathering of two successive crops in the same division proving its benefits to the area.Other primary sectors in the region include look foring and mining which are all located around the Guadiamar River. The Guadiamar River is a valuable solution to the population of Aznalcollar, providing a mention of nutrition, materials and employment. F ish is the main source of protein in the Spanish victuals and it is commonly found in traditional Spanish dishes. angle non only provides a source of food to the area but in any case employment due to its demands.Mining notwithstanding holds a great aim of importance to the Andalusia region. The region is responsible for producing half of Spains mining product by value. The product comes from unlike provinces of the region including Seville, where various metals are extracted from the tap at Aznalcollar. The Los Frailes mine at Aznalcollar produces around 125000 tons of zinc and 2.9 gazillion ounces of take per year. This mine offers a great source of employment and income to the area from untoughened materials which are exported.Tourism is besides a major beneficial source to the tertiary sector of the region. The coast of Andalusia offers a very obvious source of touristry however The Donana content Park located along the bank of the Guadiamar River, is thought to be a Mecca for bird watchers. The national Park covers 543km(337.41mi) of which 135km (83.89mi) is a protected area. It is made up of marsh, shallow streams and sand dunes. In 1963 the car park was established as a nature reserve when the World Wildlife Fund joined with the Spanish administration and purchased a section of marshes to protect it. Donana National Park is one of europium most important wetland reserves and a major site for migrating birds. The park itself is internationally recognize for its great ecological wealth and has become a key center in the world of tourism. It has become very democratic due to its enormous variety of bird species, permanent residents, winter visitors from north and central Europe or bone marrowmer visitors from Africa, such as its many a(prenominal) types of geese and colorful colonies of flamingo. The park is besides home to one of the worlds wide-rangingst colonies of Spanish over-embellished eagles. As a whole, the park offers three distinct types of ecosystems the marismas, the Mediterranean scrublands and the coastal mobile dunes with their beaches. The park curls a vast amount of tourists annually, which in become benefit the economy of the area. The park is also utilise by pilgrims taking break down in the Romeria de El Rocio. This all the samet alone can attract up to one million pilgrims each year.It is visible from the information preceding(prenominal) that the area environ the Guadiamar River is extremely dependent on its sourrouding natural sources. The town of Aznalcollar is reliant on the following agriculture, fishing, mining and tourism. However in April 1998 when the decameter of the mining residual tank of a pyrite mine in the locality ruptured, releasing muck and dirty waste body of weewee system supply. The sewer water entered the Agrio River and the Guadiamar River. close to(prenominal) these rivers had low water levels due to a spring drought. In knock over the rivers flowa geed nearby cultivated fields and menaceened to flood the Donana National Park further downstream.This had an enormous affects on the population of Aznalcollar. Initially families sustainment near the river were physically threatened. They had to flee their homes immediately, non only due to locomote flood levels, but the fact that the water had been polluted with toxic wakeless metals. These families missed vast amounts of their belongings in the flood and the polluted water threatened their health. Fortunately there were no initial fatalities, just a picayune phone number of people injured. However it was non recorded but these families were at the greatest bump of contacting terminal disease from the toxic water. amaze IN WHAT AOIFE SAIDhttp//fuentesdeciencia.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/hungria-aznalcollar.jpg?w=480h=268Initial affects to the area meet the Guadiamar River.The cultivated lands along the banks of the River Guadiamar were also destroyed. As the toxic wa ste water entered the river the level rose and flooded the cultivated land along the river banks. non only were the crops occludeaged by the polluted water but by the residual mud. Any of the crops that had little water impedeage still could not be draw due to fears of toxic contamination, so all harvest had to be destroyed. This occurrence lead to a great economic dismission, believed to bringing close together at $10million. Not only is this a very large sum of money for a unequal region, but it was spread mainly among 2,000 small farmers who had a great dependence on agriculture. This in turn also growingd the price of rice, cotton and olives (main crops grown) in the area as they had to be bought and transported from sepa account areas. However not only were harvest effected in 1998, due to the pollution of brands, crops could not be grown for a least(prenominal) different five age, until analysis had deemed the land safe for cultivation. This caused great loss fo r the farming community in the area as they had to renounce farming for this period and find another source of employment.Pasture farmers were also unnatural in a similar way. When the area flooded rapidly farmers had to abandon their farms, without any time to bring their animals to higher ground. These animals either drowned from high flood levels or were poisoned from drinking the contaminated water. When farmers could return to the area, their herds had been killed and no vegetation would grow for years by and by due to level of pollution in the ground. These farmers also had to seek different forms of employment, which deemed very difficult in this poor region.images.jpgFishing in the area was a great source of income for the community as there was a great demand. However once the contaminated wastewater entered the river all fish stocks were killed by the toxins. Fears also remained within the community years subsequently the incident of how clean the river really was and was it safe to consume fish from the river.Mining was another great source of income for Aznalcollar, as a poor region it depended greatly on its natural resources. However when the incident occurred at the Los Frailes Mine, the mine was closed down instantly due to further risk of contamination to the area. This impacted the area greatly as the mine utilize 500 people and an estimated 1800 people indirectly. The employment of the area had a great dependency on the mine. Once the mine closed there were more than than that 2000 people in the area left unemployed. excessively the material extracted from the mine when sold brought a source of income to the area, which was lost due to the closure of the mine.As visible from above the Donana National Park is Aznalcollar main source of tourism and bring in a great source income to the area. The park was not directly bear on by the incident however it was under threat from the toxic flood water entering the site. The sand and dirt dikes which were constructed to lock the flow of the contaminated water prevented the park from begin abnormal. However the touch areas were covered in a thick toxic sludge. This area was because covered with dead fish, frogs, crabs etc.which had been killed by the contaminated water in the river and were then washed up in this area of sludge. Although the park was not directly affected, the birds in the park were attracted to these poisoned animals on the sludge. When the bird consumed these poisons creatures they were poisoned themselves. The number of birds in the park decreased dramatically. Also these birds spread disease from these dead creatures to other creatures inside the park, creating a continuoue cast out affect within the park. The national park main water source was cut off as it was sourced from the contaminated river Guadiamar. This also defecated difficulty in the running to the park as a new water supply had to be sourced immediately. The park was closed for a short occasion so that staff could help assist in the cleanup operation outside the park and so that a new water supply could be sourced. When the park did reopen there was a explanation in a drop of numbers of tourist visit the park. The local association for tourism ACETA business relationshiped that in 1998 about 40 percent of reservations for tourist visits were cancelled, within the national park which calculated to a loss of approximately 480,000. This was possibly due to health fears in the areas.One of the most prominent gentlemans gentleman impacts from the disaster was its affect on human health. Short term health problems issuinged in a small number of minor casualties recorded. However the long term health effects were most feared. The toxins found in the water consisted of heavy metals such as lead, zinc, arsenic, nitrile and other heavy metals from the mines reservoir. The fear was that these toxic metals could be consumed by domain through drinking water. Even after the area was cleaned, trace elements of these metals could still remain in water pipes etc. Also the discoloration which may also contain trace elements of these toxins could transfer the toxins from the soil into crops and contaminate the food chain. The fear behind long term human health effects is the high risks of cancer and neurological disease which can be caused by these toxins.The final human impact caused by the catastrophe at Aznalcollar was the large scale equal involved. It is estimated that over all cost for the Boliden company came to 89 million, these were figures given out by the Boliden. This figure included the cost of cleaning up the northern sector of the Guadiamar 27 million, the attainment of the harvest of 1998 11 million, the operations of decommissioning of the tailings lagoon 41 million and the loss due to the pulley of the mining activity in 1998. The regional government of Andalusia provided 145 million for the disaster remediatio n. This budget was mainly used for cleaning up operations, the acquisition of the polluted land 48 million and counter 90 million. The Ministry for Environment provided a budget of 136.7 million. 13 million was used in the removal of the tailings 15 million was used for the treatment of toxic water assembling in the marshlands. The Ministry for Environment has also approved to provide 93.7 million for a hydric variety plan for Donana National Park and the Guadiamar riverbed. The overall cost of the whole devastation amounted to 377.7 million, which impacted humans as this was mainly funded by tax payers money.http//awsassets.wwf.es/downloads/mining_in_donana_english.pdfhttp//www.fhs.se/Documents/Externwebben/forskning/centrumbildningar/Crismart/Forskning/Fallbanken/BOLIDEN_.PDFhttp//countrystudies.us/spain/57.htm Aznalcollars vomit uping from IES Gustavo Adolfo Bcquer Lessons LearnedAlthough the disaster resulted in great negative affects for the region, positivity c an be taken from the tragedy by learn from mistakes and adjustting systems in dedicate to prevent a toxic free fall of such size from occurring again. There were four main lessons learned charter to know the possible environmental threats from mining lagoons in further full point and the conduct implementation to prevent these actions.Nessesity to strengthen the mine legistration due to the malapropos environmental commission of Aznalcollar mine before and after the incident.The good practices in cleaning up activities techniques of the sludge set out reduced the pollution levels of the affected area.Oppurtunity to create new homecoming pick ups and to implement the Ramsar Convention recommendations.Need to know the possible environmental threats from mining lagoons in further detail and the post implementation to prevent these actions.The good practices in cleaning up activities techniques of the sludge have reduced the pollution levels of the affected area.The cleanup a ctivities of the emergency were rapid and efficient since the area was flooded by contaminated wastewater.On the twenty-fifth of April 1998 in Aznalcollar, Spain, the Los Frailes tailings dam, ruptured. It contained tailings from the mining of arsenic, silver, standard candle, copper, zinc and lead. The Los Frailes mine had a mining rate of approximately 4 million tones per year. The ruptured dam released about 5-7 million cuboid meters of toxic tailings sludge and contaminated wastewater into Agrio River, which is a tributary to Guadiamar River. suit of clothes of the Los Frailes tailings dam failureThe actual cause of the Los Frailes tailings dam failure is still to this day exactly 100% clear as the final report has yet to be published and released. The authorities blamed the Swedish-Canadian operator of the mine, Boliden Ltd, and Boliden Ltd claimed straightaway after this terrible incident occurred that they were not at fault. Immediately after the accident happened it was s uspected that a foundation failure occurred in the insularity dam thats located surrounded by two offends of the impoundments, e.g. the soil underneath the base of the Los Frailes dam lost its mechanical strength. The separation dam is positioned among the basins, which are filled with tailings from pyroclastic rock and pyritic rock and the foundation failure of this lead to the pause of the main dam.The Swedish-Canadian operator of the mine, Boliden Ltd, has assured the authorities and the people of Aznalcollar that there was no possible way of foreseeing the foundation failure. There have been many different reports and opinions given as to why the dam failure occurred. The company Boliden Ltd say at the start, that the cause of the dam rupturing was a landslide, which resulted in the movement of a part of the wall. However, the authorities stated that the damn was not of adequate gimmick and also that any signs of a probable transformation were ignored by the company in ch arge. Three independent investigations were carried out into the cause of the dam failure. One investigation was commissioned by Boliden Ltd and carried out by EPTISA, another was commissioned by the regional authorities and carried out by CEDEX and the third investigation was commissioned by the judge who was in charge of star the legal proceedings of the accident and was carried out by the University of Barcelona. From the findings of the three investigations it was concord that the cause of the dam failure was from the formation of sliding surfaces in the marl to a lower place the foundation. The foundation failure occurred because of the chemical attack of the impounded acidic pyritic sludge on the marl. Marl contains calcium carbonate and clay. The attack of acid on the marl decomposed the calcium carbonate present, which resulted in the deterioration of the mechanical stability of the soil.Fig 1 The open frame of the damA large part of soil, which was located underneath th e dam, locomote towards Ro Agrio (approx. 1 metre). The front part of the moving soil was approx. 20 metres wide and positioned where the junction of the two impoundments.This caused the dam to crack and break suddenly causing the wall to collapse move forward along the separation dam, between the two impoundments.Approximately 5 million solid metres of toxic tailings sludge and contaminated wastewater seeped through the opening.The bed of Ro Agrio increased by roughly 3 metres and changed its course.Fig 2 Detailed diagram showing before the switching had occurred and after the displacement had occurred.The Los Frailes dam is approximately 25 meters in height and lies on 4 meters of alluvium, which is situated under 70 meters of blue marl. By the overstressing of the blue marl, it resulted in the dam, alluvium and the marl to slide. This sliding caused the pyrite tailings to liquefy, which then resulted in increasing the committal on the dam while the foundation resistance was d ecreased. These various wait ones were the result of the 60 meters of horizontal displacement of the Los Frailes dam. Various other factors were ruled out as being contributing factors to the failure of the dam, e.g. blasting, earthquakes etc.Fig 3 Actual photograph of the Los Frailes tailings dam failure showing a tally of approximately 60 meters of displacement.In the beginning of November 1998, Boliden sent a report to the judge who was in charge of the case. In the report it stated that a new displacement (3 millimetres) of the dam had taken place since the spill. The administration confronted the in the public eye(predicate), as there was an increased risk of a new spill. Mid-November 1998, the Environmental surety Department warned that there was still a higher amount of tailings than what was lost when the dam ruptured in April, and if it rains and the dam fills with the rainwater then it would apply even more pressure to the walls of the dam. In February 1999, Boliden L td finally admitted for the first time that the tailings dam was not properly designed. They directed the blame entirely on the affirmer (Dragados y Construcciones) and the two engineering firms used by them.Interventions Emergency measures charge in place in erect to minimize the social, economic and environmental impact of the Aznalcollar spill.An emergency operation had to be put in place in order of battle to minimize the damaged caused by the spill. The Spanish Authorities, the regional Government of Andalusia and also Boliden Ltd (Apirsa) were involved in the clean up. On the world-class of May 1998, the different administrations created a Mixed Commission of Coordination. The 1st toil that was carried out was the immediate removal of the tailings, which were found at the old part of the mine. Removing the tailings was spread out over two operations, in 1998 and 1999. Approximately 99% of the tailings were recovered as a result. According to the regional Government of An dalusia, the entreaty of nearly all the tailings means that around 7000 million litres of soil and tailings have been recovered.In 1999, Boliden Ltd was granted the licensing of stabilization works for the dam as it was found that there was a significant movement after the initial spill (17 centimeters) and was a cause for major concern.Another campaign was then undertaken by the Mixed Commission of Coordination, which involved treating the soil. The soil was treated using a chemical procedure, which would result in immobilizing the various heavy metals that remained in the soil. The construction of the Entremuros dike caused the retention of 2 billion litres of acid water. In order to allow the Guadalquivir River Basin Authority to purify the dammed waters, a water treatment plant was constructed beside the Entremuros dike. After the purification process, it would then discharge the purified water to the estuary of Guadalquivir.Another drastic measure was put in place in order to control the environmental quality in the surface waters, the air, the subsurface waters, the estuary, and also a sanitary control program of the people musical accompaniment in the surrounding area who were affected by the Aznalcollar spill.The entire process was established in a series of published laws, decrees and also orders between May 5th 1998 and 1999. Also in May 1998, the Council of Ministers of the Regional Government of Andalusia had approved the various actions that were necessary for carrying out a project of regeneration and adaption for public use. This was called the Guadiamar Green Corridor.The Guadiamar Green Corridor project was developed in 1999. The cause it was developed was to restore the Guadiamar basin and its surrounding ecosystems. The plan of action of the project was described in the Guadiamar Green Corridor Strategy, which was supported by the International Seminary on Ecological Corridors in March 1999. The Guadiamar Green Corridor project is also r eveled in the results of an investigation program, which is known as PICOVER. PICOVER was developed between the years of 1998 and 2002. The Regional Government of Andalusia published the conclusions found as a result of this program. The estimated hail amount of the PICOVER was 5.8 million. It was divided down into 2 different phase angles. The 1st stage was developed between 1998 and 2001. The effects of the Aznalcollar spill were studied (on organisms and ecosystems) and the necessary guidelines for the restoration were set out. The 2nd stage was developed between the years of 2002 and 2003. The impersonal of the 2nd stage was to control the factors that were most effected by the spill, which were soil and water. Attention was also given to the species that were considered to be the most important bio indicators e.g. plants, fish, etc.The Green Corridors objectives and the plan of actionTo decontaminate the water, soil and also organisms of the riverbed. Also the decontaminati on of the flooded plains and the marsh that was damaged by the acid water and tailings.Water The Green Corridor has a technical office, which had set up stations. These stations were put in place to control the surface water (17 stations). From all 17 stations, only one of them has had an increased value (El Guijo). A study that was carried out by the Guadalquivir River Basin Authority back in 2003 concluded that the El Guijo station, which was situated in the Guadiamar River, had continued to present an increased level of zinc, cadmium and copper metals. The El Guijo station, out of the 17 stations, is one of the closest to the Los Frailes mine. It is 2.5 km beneath water. All of the remaining 16 stations are within the legal limits and fit for human consumption.The Guadalquivir estuary was tested after the spill and it showed an increase in the level of contamination. This problem solved itself after a a few(prenominal) short months as the contamination level returned to what it was before the spill occurred. dent Since the Aznalcollar spill, the process of decontaminating the soil had been successfully carried out for the most part. The monitoring of the soil to ensure the contamination level remains low has continually been followed up, particularly focusing on the main affected area (the Aznalcollar mine and the bridge of Doblas). The reason this area was the main affected area was because of its closeness to the black-market lagoon. This resulted in high levels of zinc, arsenic and lead contamination. Since 2002, the majority of soil areas that were affected were cleaned. The cleaning process eliminated central points of contamination but in some particular stains of the land, minuet residual contamination still remains.Fauna One of the main populations affected were fish and amphibians. Since the Aznalcollar spill, the riverbed has been recolonized with fish and amphibians and they have survived without any problems. In 2004, it was detected that 6 different species of fish had laid eggs. It was the 1st year since the spill that different species of fish laying eggs was detected.Flora The contamination of metals in plants has decreased with time. 2.5 million plants have been planted in order to restore the affected area. The majority were planted between the Entremuros marsh and the Los Frailes mine. The Entremuros area was restored by replanting in small plots. This method allowed the ecosystem to improve naturally.To restore the military operation of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems which were damaged or ruined by the Aznalcollar spill.The large amount of area that was affected, from the mine to the entrance to the Entremuros swamp, has now been restored. The aim is to create a fluvial ecological corridor.The incur extractions, or the agricultural note has caused the Guadiamar riverbed to suffer extreme transformations. When the riverbed was being restored it was thought that it was more critical to recover the proc esses for fluvial dynamics, which had been modified, rather than recreate the original syllable structure of the river. In 2004, it had been noted that the natural dynamic of the river, particularly the flood plains, had been recuperated. Also, non-indigenous vegetation had been removed as instructed.Since the spill, there used to be many gravel exploitations found on the bed of the river of the Guadiamar, between the upper and philia branches. These were better serving two manipulations. One use is environmental recuperation and the other is for the use of the public.Entremuros marshes The main reasoning behind the activities was to ensure the riverbed was recuperated by the removal of the impacts that hindered the natural functioning. The results have shown to be considerably good. The fauna and flora have quickly colonized the area.To promote a model for the management of the various uses of the region so that ecological heterogeneity could be promoted in order to reinstate th e different species and natural processes among the mountain range and the coast. corroborative results were found on the movement of land animals through the Corridor, in the middle course of the Guadiamar River. There are many communities that began to become established in the Corridor, such as the eagle, rabbit, and the lynx. As a result it has aided the purpose of the ecological corridor of the Guadiamar River. The Corridor has needed to be attached through the northern part as this restored the river basin of the Guadiamar River and the mining region in its upper course. The restoration continues to be followed up, even today, as it ensures its function as a fluvial ecological corridor and the future tendencies of the river.To improve and promote the quality of life of the many people living in the area through the strategies of development naming with the conservation of the functions of their natural systems.Public use The Green Corridor is now recognized as a tourist desti nation. It has tails that can be used for walking, biking and horse riding. A variety of infrastructures have been constructed including recreational areas, a botanical garden, visitor centers, etc. There has been sign posts put up of the area, and also the roads. There have also been guides produced on the infrastructures and programs in the Green Corridor (for public use).Other uses In the Green Corridor there are many physique of acts prohibited which include hunting, fishing, and raising livestock. Also, on the grounds of the old mine an environmental services site has been constructed.Relations with the surrounding population many environmental educational activities were developed in order to educate the population, but mostly for schoolchildren. A lot of the people living in the surrounding area were not aware of the many activities in the Green Corridor and its ideas. To work it clear to the population, it was necessary to cover the wildlife values, historical, landscape etc of the Green Corridor.To contribute to the variety of the Network of Protected Natural Areas of Andalusia as an arrangement of areas, which are attached by ecological corridors and which fluvial ones stand out the most.The Green Corridor had to be declared as a Protected landscape in order to comply with this objective. The Green Corridor does not reach up to the north of Aznalcollar wherefore it is not connected as an ecological corridor with the coast and mountain range.To give-up the ghost as a model of integrated planning of a Mediterranean basin with could be extrapolated to other regions.The WWF has recognized that the Guadiamar Green Corridor operates as a model of basin restoration. The office for the Mediterranean selected one of its projects to be a model of management and restoration of Mediterranean wetlands. The WWF gave the lessons learned of the Guadiamar to Romania to help them after the mine accident of Baia Mare.